Hydrothermal Alteration of Limestone in the Muan-Mokpo Area, Korea

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2006 Vol.43, Issue 4 Preview Page Next Page

Hydrothermal Alteration of Limestone in the Muan-Mokpo Area, Korea 무안-목포지역에 분포하는 석회암의 열수변질에 관한 연구: 윤정한
Yoon Chung-Han

31 August 2006. pp. 320-330

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Abstract

Limestones of Muan-eup in the province of Jeollanamdo, located in the southwestern part of Korea, occur as lenticular or thin bedded, partially silicified, and white or grey in color and crystalline. Lenticular limestones which are elongated to NE-SW trend were deposited in the mica schists. 18O and 13C are enriched toward the center of the limestone formation but depleted at the contact part of limestone and igneous rocks due to hydrothermal activity in Cretaceous period. The limestones in the study area were divided into three groups based on the δ18O values ; A(>15‰), B(15-10‰) and C(<10-5‰). Group-A is the least altered and group-C is the most altered limestone. The concentrations of Al, Fe and Mn tend to increase with decreasing δ18O values, while those of S, Sr and Zn are independent of δ18O values. This indicates that the enrichment of Al, Fe and Mn in the altered group-C limestone may be a consequence of the formation of hydrothermal minerals containing Al, Fe and Mn, while S, Sr and Zn did not exchange significantly with the hydrothermal fluid. The elemental compositions and relationships between elemental composition and δ18O of limestone may serve as potential tools for distinguishing altered from unaltered limestone in the Muan area. Al, Fe, Mn, Mg/(Mg+Fe+Mn) and Al/Mg can be also used as useful indicators for determining altered limestone in the Muan area.

Keywords

Limestone

Hydrothermal fluid

Alteration

18O and 13C

Elemental composition

Indicator

전남 무안읍에 분포하는 석회암은 운모편암내에 렌즈상이나 엷은 층상으로 분포하며 회색 또는 백색을 띤다. 석회암체는 대체로 북동-남서방향으로 신장되어 있으며 화산암과 화강암질암의 관입에 의해 접촉부에서는 변질되어있다. 산소동위원소 조성에 의해서 group-A(>15‰), group-B(10-15‰), group-C(5-10‰)으로 분류 할 수 있고 산소 및 탄소동위원소비는 석회암체의 중앙부로 갈수록 부화되는 경향을 보이나 화성암과의 접촉부에서는 감소되는 경향을 보여주는 것으로 보아 산소동위원소 조성에 의해서 이 지역 석회암의 변질정도를 구분할 수 있음을 지시해 주고 있다. Al, Fe와 Mn함량은 18O가 감소함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보여주며, 이들 원소함량은 변질을 받지 않은 group-A 석회암보다는 변질을 가장 많이 받은 group-C 석회암에 부화되어 있다. 이들과는 달리 S, Sr 및 Zn 원소함량은 18O값과는 관련성을 보이지 않는다. 따라서 Al, Fe과 Mn의 부화는 Al, Fe 및 Mn등을 포함하는 녹니석 또는 녹염석과 같은 열수성광물이 생성되면서 열수용액과 석회암사이에 산소 및 탄소동위원소 교환의 결과로 보이지만 S, Sr 및 Zn등은 열수용액과 충분한 교환이 없었던 것으로 사료된다. 석회암중의 Al, Fe, Mn의 함량, Mg/(Mg+Fe+Mn) 및 Al/Mg 등의 원소함량비, 원소함량과 산소동위원소비의 관계는 무안석회암의 변질과 비변질을 구분하는 지시자로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

키워드

석회암

열수용액

변질

산소.탄소동위원소

원소함량

지시원소

References

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Bellanca,A., Censi, P., Di and Neri, R., 1984, “Textuual, Chemical and Isotopic Variations Induced by Hydrothermal Fluids on Mesozoic Limestones in Northwestern Sicily”, Mineral Deposita, 19, pp.78-85.
Black, M.P., 1984, “Oxygen Isotope Study of Metamorphic Rocks from the Ouegoa District, New Caledonia”. Contribu. Mineral and Petrol., 47, pp. 197-206.
Brand, U. and Veizer, J., 1980, “Chemical Diagenesis of a Multicomponent Carbonate System-1;Trace Elements”. J. Sedimentology, 50, pp. 1219-1236.
Calderoni, G and Ferrini, V,, 1984, “Abundances and Chemical Fractionation of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu and Tl in Cretaceous-Paleocene Limestones from Gubbio (CentralItaly)”. Geochem. Jour., 18 pp. 31-41.
Choi, S. O. and Ko, C. B., 1971, Explanatory text of the geological map Muan sheet, 1:50,000. Geological Survey of Korea, 12p.
Craig, H.,1957, “Isotopic Standards for Carbon and Oxygen and Correction Factors for Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Carbon Dioxide”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 12, p. 133.
Criss, R., Fleck, R.J. and Taylor, H. P. J. 1991, “Tertiary Meteoric Hydrothermal system and Their Relation to Ore Deposition, northwestern United States and southern British Colombia”. J. Geophy. Res., 94, pp. 13335-13356.
Deines, P. and Gold, D. P. 1973 “The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 37, pp. 1709-1733.
Enrich, A. E. J. Clayton, R.N. and Epstein, S., 1958, “Variation of Isotopic composition of Oxygen and Carbon in Leadville Limestone(Mississipian Colorado) and Its Hydrothermal and Metamorphic Phases”. J. Geol. 66, pp. 374-393.
Faure, G., 1986, Principles of Isotope Geology. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 589p.
Fujinuki, T., 1973, “Trace elements in Carbonate Rocks”. Mining Geol., 23, pp. 295-306(in Japanese with abstract written in English).
Heyl, A. V., Landis, G. P. and Zartman, R. E., 1974, “Isotopic Evidencefor the Origin of Mississippi Valley-Type Mineral Deposits: A Review”. Econ. Geol., 69, pp. 992-1006.
Hoefs, J., 1997, Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag. 210p.
Jamtveit, B.,Grorud, H. F. and Ragnarsdottir, K. V., 1997, Flow and Transport during Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Activity; Ezamples from the Oslo rift, in Jamtveit, B. and Yardly, B., eds., Fluid flow and Transport in Rocks, Mechanism and Effects: London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 57-82.
Keith, M. L. and Weber, J. N., 1964, “Isotopic Composition and Environmental Classification of Selected Limestones and Fossils”. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta, 28, 1787-1816.
Kim, K. H., 1980, “Carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the Paleozoic limestones from the Taebaegsan region, South Korea”. Jour. Mining Geol., 13, pp. 21-27.
Kim, K. H. and Nakai, N.,1980, “Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Carbonate Rocks from the Shinyemi Zinc-Lead Ore Deposits Western Taebaegsan Metallogenic belt, Korea”. J. Earth Sci., Nagoya Univ., 28, 57-74.
McCrea, J. M.,1950, “On the Isotopic Chemistry of Carbonates and the Paleo-Temperature Scale”. J. of Chemical Physics, 18, pp.849-857.
Matsuhisa, Y., Imaoka, T. and Murakdottami, N., 1980, “Hydrothermal Activity Indicated by Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes of Rocks and Minerals from Paleogene Cauldron, Southwest Japan”. Mining Geol., Spec. Issue, 8, pp. 49-65.
Megaw, P. K. M., 1990, “Geology and Geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia Mining District, Chihuahua, Mexico”. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona.
Morishita, J., 1999, “Three-Dimensional Isotopic Characteristics of Crystalline Limestone around the Sakonish Zn Ore Bodies in the Kamioka Mining District, Japan”. Resource Geol., 49, pp. 243-257.
Muan-gun, 2001, Detail Safety Investigation Report for Ground Subsidence of the Seongnam, Muan. 695p.
Nakano, T., Murakami, H., Miyake, K. and Nakayama, K., 1997, “Chemical Composition of 18O-Depleted Limestone in the Kamioka Zn-Pb Mine as a Potential Tool for the Exploration of Skarn Deposits”. Resource Geol., 47, pp. 109-119.
Park, B. K. and Han, S. J., 1986, “Trace elements in the Pungchon limestone of Middle Cambrian”. Jour. Geol. Soc. Korea, 22, pp. 105-122.
Pinckney, D. M. and Rye, R.O., 1972, “Variations of O18/O16 and C13/C12 Texture and Mineralogy in Altered Limestone in the Hill mine, Cave in Rock District, Illinois”. Econ. Geol., 67, pp. 1-18.
Pingitore, N. E., Merrzner, G. and Love, K. M., 1995, “Identification of Sulfate in Natural Carbonates by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2477-2482.
Reeder, R. J., 1996, “ Interaction of Divalent Cobalt, Zinc, Cadminium, and Barium with the Calcite Surface during Layer Growth”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 60, pp. 1543-1552.
Ruiz, J. and Barton, M. D., 1985, Geology and Geochemistry of Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico. SME-AIME Meeting, Feb. 26, 1985, New York, NY, Preprint 85-32, pp.1-7.
Schuiling, R. D. and Oosterom, M. G., 1966, ”The Metamorphic Complex on Naxos(Greece) and Strontium and Barium Content of its Carbonate Rocks”. Proc. Kon. Red. Akad. Wetensch. B 69, pp. 166-175.
Schwarcz, H. P., 1969, The isotopes in nature. Handbook of Geochemistry, Vol. II/1, K. H. Wedelpohl,ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Shieh, Y. N. and Taylor, H. P. Jr., 1969, “Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Studies of Contact Metamorphism of Carbonate Rocks”. J. Petro., 10, pp. 307-331.
So, C. S., Yun, S. T. and Koh, Y., 1993, “Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Evidence for Genesis of Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn(Ag) Orebodies of the Taebaeg Deposit, Republic of Korea”. Econ. Geol., 88, pp. 855-872.
Taylor, H. P. Jr., 1973, “18O/16O Evidence for Meteoric Hydrothermal alteration and Ore Deposition in the Tonopah, Comstock lode, and Goldfield mining District, Nevada”. Econ. Geol., 68, 747-764.
Taylor, B. E. and O'nail, J. R., 1977, “Stable Isotope Studies of Metasomatic Ca-Fe-Al-Si Skarns and Associated Metamorphic Rocks, Osgood Mountains Nevada”. Contribu. Mineral and Petrol., 63, pp.1-49.
Vazquez, R., Vennemann, T. W. Kesler, S. E. and Russell, N.,1998, ”Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Halos in the Host Limestone, El Mochito Zn-Pb-(Ag) Skarn Massive Sulfide- Oxide Deposit, Honduras“ Econ. Geol., 93, pp. 15-31.
Veizer, J. and Hoefs, J.,1976, “The Nature of O18/O16 and 13C/12C Secular Trends in Sedimentary Carbonate Rocks”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, pp.1387-1395.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 43
No :4
Pages :320-330

[1] Beaty, D. W. and Marchant, J. S., 1990, Origin of Ore Deposits at Gilman, Colorado. Econ. Geol. Monograph 7, pp. 193-265.

[2] Bellanca,A., Censi, P., Di and Neri, R., 1984, “Textuual, Chemical and Isotopic Variations Induced by Hydrothermal Fluids on Mesozoic Limestones in Northwestern Sicily”, Mineral Deposita, 19, pp.78-85.

[3] Black, M.P., 1984, “Oxygen Isotope Study of Metamorphic Rocks from the Ouegoa District, New Caledonia”. Contribu. Mineral and Petrol., 47, pp. 197-206.

[4] Brand, U. and Veizer, J., 1980, “Chemical Diagenesis of a Multicomponent Carbonate System-1;Trace Elements”. J. Sedimentology, 50, pp. 1219-1236.

[5] Calderoni, G and Ferrini, V,, 1984, “Abundances and Chemical Fractionation of Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu and Tl in Cretaceous-Paleocene Limestones from Gubbio (CentralItaly)”. Geochem. Jour., 18 pp. 31-41.

[6] Choi, S. O. and Ko, C. B., 1971, Explanatory text of the geological map Muan sheet, 1:50,000. Geological Survey of Korea, 12p.

[7] Craig, H.,1957, “Isotopic Standards for Carbon and Oxygen and Correction Factors for Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Carbon Dioxide”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 12, p. 133.

[8] Criss, R., Fleck, R.J. and Taylor, H. P. J. 1991, “Tertiary Meteoric Hydrothermal system and Their Relation to Ore Deposition, northwestern United States and southern British Colombia”. J. Geophy. Res., 94, pp. 13335-13356.

[9] Deines, P. and Gold, D. P. 1973 “The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 37, pp. 1709-1733.

[10] Enrich, A. E. J. Clayton, R.N. and Epstein, S., 1958, “Variation of Isotopic composition of Oxygen and Carbon in Leadville Limestone(Mississipian Colorado) and Its Hydrothermal and Metamorphic Phases”. J. Geol. 66, pp. 374-393.

[11] Faure, G., 1986, Principles of Isotope Geology. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 589p.

[12] Fujinuki, T., 1973, “Trace elements in Carbonate Rocks”. Mining Geol., 23, pp. 295-306(in Japanese with abstract written in English).

[13] Heyl, A. V., Landis, G. P. and Zartman, R. E., 1974, “Isotopic Evidencefor the Origin of Mississippi Valley-Type Mineral Deposits: A Review”. Econ. Geol., 69, pp. 992-1006.

[14] Hoefs, J., 1997, Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag. 210p.

[15] Jamtveit, B.,Grorud, H. F. and Ragnarsdottir, K. V., 1997, Flow and Transport during Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Activity; Ezamples from the Oslo rift, in Jamtveit, B. and Yardly, B., eds., Fluid flow and Transport in Rocks, Mechanism and Effects: London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 57-82.

[16] Keith, M. L. and Weber, J. N., 1964, “Isotopic Composition and Environmental Classification of Selected Limestones and Fossils”. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta, 28, 1787-1816.

[17] Kim, K. H., 1980, “Carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the Paleozoic limestones from the Taebaegsan region, South Korea”. Jour. Mining Geol., 13, pp. 21-27.

[18] Kim, K. H. and Nakai, N.,1980, “Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Carbonate Rocks from the Shinyemi Zinc-Lead Ore Deposits Western Taebaegsan Metallogenic belt, Korea”. J. Earth Sci., Nagoya Univ., 28, 57-74.

[19] McCrea, J. M.,1950, “On the Isotopic Chemistry of Carbonates and the Paleo-Temperature Scale”. J. of Chemical Physics, 18, pp.849-857.

[20] Matsuhisa, Y., Imaoka, T. and Murakdottami, N., 1980, “Hydrothermal Activity Indicated by Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes of Rocks and Minerals from Paleogene Cauldron, Southwest Japan”. Mining Geol., Spec. Issue, 8, pp. 49-65.

[21] Megaw, P. K. M., 1990, “Geology and Geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia Mining District, Chihuahua, Mexico”. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona.

[22] Morishita, J., 1999, “Three-Dimensional Isotopic Characteristics of Crystalline Limestone around the Sakonish Zn Ore Bodies in the Kamioka Mining District, Japan”. Resource Geol., 49, pp. 243-257.

[23] Muan-gun, 2001, Detail Safety Investigation Report for Ground Subsidence of the Seongnam, Muan. 695p.

[24] Nakano, T., Murakami, H., Miyake, K. and Nakayama, K., 1997, “Chemical Composition of 18O-Depleted Limestone in the Kamioka Zn-Pb Mine as a Potential Tool for the Exploration of Skarn Deposits”. Resource Geol., 47, pp. 109-119.

[25] Park, B. K. and Han, S. J., 1986, “Trace elements in the Pungchon limestone of Middle Cambrian”. Jour. Geol. Soc. Korea, 22, pp. 105-122.

[26] Pinckney, D. M. and Rye, R.O., 1972, “Variations of O18/O16 and C13/C12 Texture and Mineralogy in Altered Limestone in the Hill mine, Cave in Rock District, Illinois”. Econ. Geol., 67, pp. 1-18.

[27] Pingitore, N. E., Merrzner, G. and Love, K. M., 1995, “Identification of Sulfate in Natural Carbonates by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2477-2482.

[28] Reeder, R. J., 1996, “ Interaction of Divalent Cobalt, Zinc, Cadminium, and Barium with the Calcite Surface during Layer Growth”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 60, pp. 1543-1552.

[29] Ruiz, J. and Barton, M. D., 1985, Geology and Geochemistry of Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico. SME-AIME Meeting, Feb. 26, 1985, New York, NY, Preprint 85-32, pp.1-7.

[30] Schuiling, R. D. and Oosterom, M. G., 1966, ”The Metamorphic Complex on Naxos(Greece) and Strontium and Barium Content of its Carbonate Rocks”. Proc. Kon. Red. Akad. Wetensch. B 69, pp. 166-175.

[31] Schwarcz, H. P., 1969, The isotopes in nature. Handbook of Geochemistry, Vol. II/1, K. H. Wedelpohl,ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

[32] Shieh, Y. N. and Taylor, H. P. Jr., 1969, “Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Studies of Contact Metamorphism of Carbonate Rocks”. J. Petro., 10, pp. 307-331.

[33] So, C. S., Yun, S. T. and Koh, Y., 1993, “Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Evidence for Genesis of Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn(Ag) Orebodies of the Taebaeg Deposit, Republic of Korea”. Econ. Geol., 88, pp. 855-872.

[34] Taylor, H. P. Jr., 1973, “18O/16O Evidence for Meteoric Hydrothermal alteration and Ore Deposition in the Tonopah, Comstock lode, and Goldfield mining District, Nevada”. Econ. Geol., 68, 747-764.

[35] Taylor, B. E. and O'nail, J. R., 1977, “Stable Isotope Studies of Metasomatic Ca-Fe-Al-Si Skarns and Associated Metamorphic Rocks, Osgood Mountains Nevada”. Contribu. Mineral and Petrol., 63, pp.1-49.

[36] Vazquez, R., Vennemann, T. W. Kesler, S. E. and Russell, N.,1998, ”Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Halos in the Host Limestone, El Mochito Zn-Pb-(Ag) Skarn Massive Sulfide- Oxide Deposit, Honduras“ Econ. Geol., 93, pp. 15-31.

[37] Veizer, J. and Hoefs, J.,1976, “The Nature of O18/O16 and 13C/12C Secular Trends in Sedimentary Carbonate Rocks”. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, pp.1387-1395.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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