Characteristics of Electrical Resistivity of Cylindrical Cement Core with Respect to the Conductivity and Contents of Pore Water

doi:None

All Issue

2009 Vol.46, Issue 5 Preview Page Next Page

Characteristics of Electrical Resistivity of Cylindrical Cement Core with Respect to the Conductivity and Contents of Pore Water 전도성 간극수의 함수 정도에 따른 원주형 시멘트 시험편의 전기비저항 특성: 이상규, 이태종
Sang-Kyu Lee and Tae Jong Lee

31 October 2009. pp. 553-562

PDF

Abstract

The effects of water contents and pore water conductivity on electrical resistivity of cement core have been discussed. Time variation of water content and electrical resistivity of a fully saturated cement core, due to evaporation, with 4 kinds of solutions with different conductivities has been measured while keeping temperature and humidity constant. For precise measurement of water content and resistivity of the core, standardization of process from saturating the core to measurement of electrical resistivity with time is essential and a standard procedure is suggested. Resistivity of a cement core depends strongly on the conductivity of the solution in the pore. As the conductivity of the pore water gets high, increment of resistivity becomes small for the same relative water content variation. Resistivity variation of the core as a function of relative water content can be explained by modified Archie’s formula. And we found that resistivity of a cement core and that of pore water cannot be explained by Archie’s formula but roughly follows the parallel resistance model even when relative water content is below 100%, so that a generalized parallel resistance model is suggested including water content and the resistivity of pore water.

Keywords

Resistivity

Measurement

Core

Water content

Pore water resistivity

실험실내에서 시멘트 코어를 이용하여 함수율과 간극수의 전기비저항이 암석의 전기비저항에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여, 항온․항습 환경을 구성하고 4가지 각기 다른 전기비저항을 가지는 용액으로 포화된 시멘트 코어를 대상으로 시간 경과에 따라 변화하는 함수율과 전기비저항의 변화를 관찰하였다. 함수율과 시험편의 비저항을 정밀하게 측정하기 위해서는 항온․항습 환경의 조성과 시험편의 포화로부터 측정에 이르기까지의 일련의 공정을 규격화할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 하나의 규격화된 공정을 제시하였다. 시멘트 코어의 전기비저항은 간극수의 전기전도도에 매우 크게 좌우된다. 즉, 간극수의 전기전도도가 높을수록 동일한 상대함수율 감소에 대한 전기비저항 증가율이 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 상대함수율에 대한 전기비저항의 변화는 변형된 Archie의 식으로 설명된다. 또한 상대함수율이 100%가 아닌 경우에도 시멘트 시험편의 전기비저항과 간극수의 전기비저항은 병렬저항모델과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 따라서 기존의 병렬저항모델에 함수율을 포함시킨 변형된 병렬저항모델의 가능성을 제시하였다.

키워드

전기비저항

측정

코어

함수율

간극수 전기비저항

References

김영화, 최예권, 1999, “코어 비저항 측정에 미치는 영향요소에 대한 실험적 고찰,” 지구물리, 2, No. 3, pp. 225-233.
박미경, 2005, “점토광물의 함유량에 따른 전기비저항 특성에 관한 실험적 연구,” 물리탐사, 8, No. 3, pp. 218-223.
박삼규, 2004, “지반의 전기비저항을 좌우하는 물성요인,” 물리탐사, 7(2), pp. 130-135.
송성호, 김기주, 박삼규, 용환호, 조인기, 2003, “토양 수리 특성에 따른 전기비저항 관계 규명을 위한 실내실험 결과,” 한국지하수토양환경학회 추계학술발표회, 제주대학교, pp. 116-119.
이상규, 박삼규, 박권규, 성낙훈, 안은영, 이성곤, 이재형, 이태종, 이후인, 조성준, 황세호, 2007, ‘상시가동 전기물성시험실 구축’을 위한 기획, 한국지질자원연구원, JP2006-023-2007(1), 218p.
이상규, 이태종, 2008, “함수율 변화에 따른 포항 지열 시추코어의 전기비저항,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 45, No. 5, pp. 526-535.
이상규, 이태종, 성낙훈, 2008, 전기비저항 측정 홀더 및 전기비저항 측정기, 대한민국 특허청, 출원번호 10-2008-0003284.
조성준, 박삼규, 손정술, 방은석, 김영석, 신중호, 2007, “CO2 주입 암석물성 측정 장치 구축 방안,” 한국물리탐사학회･대한 지구물리학회 공동학술대회 논문집, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 300-303.
Farooq, M., 박삼규, 송영수, 김정호, 2009, “모르타르의 전기비저항 특성,” 지구물리와 물리탐사, 12, pp. 215-220.
Amente, G., Baker, J. M., and Reece, C. F., 2000, “Estimation of soil solution electrical conductivity from bulk soil electrical conductivity in sandy soils,” Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, pp. 1931-1939.
Archie, G. E., 1942, The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics; Petr. Trans. AIME, 146, pp. 54-62.
Brace, W. F., Orange, A. S., and Madden, T. R., 1965, “The effect of pressure on the electrical resistivity of water saturated crystalline rocks,” J. Geophys. Res., 70, pp. 5669-5678.
Bussian, A. E., 1983, “Electrical conductance in a porous medium,” Geophysics, 48, pp. 1258-1268.
Carrara, E., Mazzacca, A., Pece, R., Roberti, N., and Vanorio, T., 1999, Evaluation of porosity and saturation degree by laboratory joint measurements of velocity and resistivity; a model improvement, Pure Appl. Geophys., 154, pp. 211-255.
Chen, L., Yin, Z., and Zhang, P., 2007, “Relationship of resistivity with water content and fissures of unsaturated expansive soils,” J. of China Univ. Min. Tech., 17, pp. 537-540.
Franklin, J. A. M., Vogler, U. W., Szlavin, J., Edmond, J. M. and Bieniawski, Z. T., 1979, Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, adsorption and related properties and swelling and slake-durability index properties. In: Brown, E. T., Ed. Rock Characterization Testing and Monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 81-94.
Jackson, P. D., Smith, D. T., and Stanford, P. N., 1978, “Resistivity porosity particle shape relationship for marine sands,” Geophysics, 43, pp. 1250-1268.
Katsube, T. J. and Hume, J. P., 1987, “Permeability determination in crystalline rocks standard geophysical logs,” Geophysics, 52, pp. 342-352.
Klein, D. J. and Sill, W. R., 1982, “Electrical properties of artificial clay-bearing sandstones,” Geophysics, 47, pp. 1593-1601.
Lopez, W., and Gonzalez, J. A., 1993, “Influence of the degree of pore saturation on the resistivity of concrete and the corrosion rate of steel reinforcement,” Cement and Concrete Research, 23, pp. 368-376.
Losito, G., Muschietti, M., and Trova, A., 1991, “Laboratory electrical resistivities of rock samples under geothermal temperature, hydrostatic pressure conditions,” Geothermics, 20, pp. 165-178.
Mualem, Y. and Friedman, S. P, 1991, “A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media,” Water Resour. Res., 12, pp. 513-522.
Nishimaki, H., Sekine, I., Saito, A., and Yoshinaka, R., 1999, Electrical resistivity of rock and its correlation to engineering properties, Butsuri-Tansa, 52, No. 2, pp. 161-171.
Onishi, K., Ishikawa, Y., Yamada, Y., and Matsuoka, T., 2006, Measuring electric resistivity of rock samples injected with gas, liquid, and super-critical CO2, Proc. 10th Int’l Symp. RAEG 2006, KIGAM, Daejeon, Korea, 1-8.
Patnode, G. E., and Wyllie, M. R. J., 1950, The presence of conductive solids in reservoir rocks as a factor in electric log interpretation, Trans. A. I. M. E., 189, pp. 47-52.
Schön, J. H., 1996, Physical properties of rocks – fundamentals and principles of petrophysics, in Elsevier Science Ltd., Handbook of Geophysical Exploration, Seismic Exploration, 18, pp. 379-478.
Sen, P. N., Goode, P. A., and Sibbit, A., 1988, “Electrical conduction in clay bearing sandstones at low and high salinities,” J. Appl. Phys., 63(10), pp. 4832-4840.
Sen, P. N. and Goode, P. A., 1992, “Influence of temperature on electrical conductivity on shaly sands,” Geophysics, 57, pp. 89-96.
Waxman, M. H. and Smits, L. J. M., 1968, “Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 8, pp. 107-122.
Weerts, A. H., Bouten, W., and Verstraten, J. M., 1999, “Simultaneous measurement of water retention and electrical conductivity of soils: Testing the Mualem-Friedman tortuosity model,” Water Resour. Res., 35, pp. 1781-1787.
Yamaguchi, H., 1962, “On the relation between formation factor and surface conduction of saturated sands,” Butsuritanko, 15, pp. 26-33 (in Japanese).

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 46
No :5
Pages :553-562

[1] 김영화, 최예권, 1999, “코어 비저항 측정에 미치는 영향요소에 대한 실험적 고찰,” 지구물리, 2, No. 3, pp. 225-233.

[2] 박미경, 2005, “점토광물의 함유량에 따른 전기비저항 특성에 관한 실험적 연구,” 물리탐사, 8, No. 3, pp. 218-223.

[3] 박삼규, 2004, “지반의 전기비저항을 좌우하는 물성요인,” 물리탐사, 7(2), pp. 130-135.

[4] 송성호, 김기주, 박삼규, 용환호, 조인기, 2003, “토양 수리 특성에 따른 전기비저항 관계 규명을 위한 실내실험 결과,” 한국지하수토양환경학회 추계학술발표회, 제주대학교, pp. 116-119.

[5] 이상규, 박삼규, 박권규, 성낙훈, 안은영, 이성곤, 이재형, 이태종, 이후인, 조성준, 황세호, 2007, ‘상시가동 전기물성시험실 구축’을 위한 기획, 한국지질자원연구원, JP2006-023-2007(1), 218p.

[6] 이상규, 이태종, 2008, “함수율 변화에 따른 포항 지열 시추코어의 전기비저항,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 45, No. 5, pp. 526-535.

[7] 이상규, 이태종, 성낙훈, 2008, 전기비저항 측정 홀더 및 전기비저항 측정기, 대한민국 특허청, 출원번호 10-2008-0003284.

[8] 조성준, 박삼규, 손정술, 방은석, 김영석, 신중호, 2007, “CO2 주입 암석물성 측정 장치 구축 방안,” 한국물리탐사학회･대한 지구물리학회 공동학술대회 논문집, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 300-303.

[9] Farooq, M., 박삼규, 송영수, 김정호, 2009, “모르타르의 전기비저항 특성,” 지구물리와 물리탐사, 12, pp. 215-220.

[10] Amente, G., Baker, J. M., and Reece, C. F., 2000, “Estimation of soil solution electrical conductivity from bulk soil electrical conductivity in sandy soils,” Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64, pp. 1931-1939.

[11] Archie, G. E., 1942, The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics; Petr. Trans. AIME, 146, pp. 54-62.

[12] Brace, W. F., Orange, A. S., and Madden, T. R., 1965, “The effect of pressure on the electrical resistivity of water saturated crystalline rocks,” J. Geophys. Res., 70, pp. 5669-5678.

[13] Bussian, A. E., 1983, “Electrical conductance in a porous medium,” Geophysics, 48, pp. 1258-1268.

[14] Carrara, E., Mazzacca, A., Pece, R., Roberti, N., and Vanorio, T., 1999, Evaluation of porosity and saturation degree by laboratory joint measurements of velocity and resistivity; a model improvement, Pure Appl. Geophys., 154, pp. 211-255.

[15] Chen, L., Yin, Z., and Zhang, P., 2007, “Relationship of resistivity with water content and fissures of unsaturated expansive soils,” J. of China Univ. Min. Tech., 17, pp. 537-540.

[16] Franklin, J. A. M., Vogler, U. W., Szlavin, J., Edmond, J. M. and Bieniawski, Z. T., 1979, Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, adsorption and related properties and swelling and slake-durability index properties. In: Brown, E. T., Ed. Rock Characterization Testing and Monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 81-94.

[17] Jackson, P. D., Smith, D. T., and Stanford, P. N., 1978, “Resistivity porosity particle shape relationship for marine sands,” Geophysics, 43, pp. 1250-1268.

[18] Katsube, T. J. and Hume, J. P., 1987, “Permeability determination in crystalline rocks standard geophysical logs,” Geophysics, 52, pp. 342-352.

[19] Klein, D. J. and Sill, W. R., 1982, “Electrical properties of artificial clay-bearing sandstones,” Geophysics, 47, pp. 1593-1601.

[20] Lopez, W., and Gonzalez, J. A., 1993, “Influence of the degree of pore saturation on the resistivity of concrete and the corrosion rate of steel reinforcement,” Cement and Concrete Research, 23, pp. 368-376.

[21] Losito, G., Muschietti, M., and Trova, A., 1991, “Laboratory electrical resistivities of rock samples under geothermal temperature, hydrostatic pressure conditions,” Geothermics, 20, pp. 165-178.

[22] Mualem, Y. and Friedman, S. P, 1991, “A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media,” Water Resour. Res., 12, pp. 513-522.

[23] Nishimaki, H., Sekine, I., Saito, A., and Yoshinaka, R., 1999, Electrical resistivity of rock and its correlation to engineering properties, Butsuri-Tansa, 52, No. 2, pp. 161-171.

[24] Onishi, K., Ishikawa, Y., Yamada, Y., and Matsuoka, T., 2006, Measuring electric resistivity of rock samples injected with gas, liquid, and super-critical CO2, Proc. 10th Int’l Symp. RAEG 2006, KIGAM, Daejeon, Korea, 1-8.

[25] Patnode, G. E., and Wyllie, M. R. J., 1950, The presence of conductive solids in reservoir rocks as a factor in electric log interpretation, Trans. A. I. M. E., 189, pp. 47-52.

[26] Schön, J. H., 1996, Physical properties of rocks – fundamentals and principles of petrophysics, in Elsevier Science Ltd., Handbook of Geophysical Exploration, Seismic Exploration, 18, pp. 379-478.

[27] Sen, P. N., Goode, P. A., and Sibbit, A., 1988, “Electrical conduction in clay bearing sandstones at low and high salinities,” J. Appl. Phys., 63(10), pp. 4832-4840.

[28] Sen, P. N. and Goode, P. A., 1992, “Influence of temperature on electrical conductivity on shaly sands,” Geophysics, 57, pp. 89-96.

[29] Waxman, M. H. and Smits, L. J. M., 1968, “Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J., 8, pp. 107-122.

[30] Weerts, A. H., Bouten, W., and Verstraten, J. M., 1999, “Simultaneous measurement of water retention and electrical conductivity of soils: Testing the Mualem-Friedman tortuosity model,” Water Resour. Res., 35, pp. 1781-1787.

[31] Yamaguchi, H., 1962, “On the relation between formation factor and surface conduction of saturated sands,” Butsuritanko, 15, pp. 26-33 (in Japanese).

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

All Issue