Evaluation of Environmental Contamination and Chemical Speciation of Mercury in Tailings and Soils from Abandoned Metal Mines in Korea

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Evaluation of Environmental Contamination and Chemical Speciation of Mercury in Tailings and Soils from Abandoned Metal Mines in Korea 폐금속광산 광물찌꺼기와 주변 토양에서의 수은 오염도 평가 및 존재형태 규명: 정명채, 김남극, 김환기
Myung Chae Jung, Nam Keuk Kim and Hwan Ki Kim

30 April 2009. pp. 228-238

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Abstract

The present study has focused on the evaluation of mercury contamination in tailings and soils from various metal mines in Korea. In order to examine the mercury contamination, representative eight metal mines known as mercury contaminated areas by mining activities were selected. In the areas, the evaluation of mercury contamination and its chemical speciation using sequential extraction scheme in tailings and nearby soils were undertaken. The sequential extraction scheme was applied to determine the concentrations of total, elemental, exchangeable, strongly-bound, organic and residual mercury in the samples. According to the chemical analysis by mercury analyser, most of mercury in the samples existed in the forms of elemental and residual fractions. In spite of variation of chemical speciation from samples to samples, some samples contained relatively high proportions of mercury in exchangeable and strongly-bound fraction. These fractions may influence the distribution and dispersion of mercury in and around the mining areas and eventually pose potentially health problems to crop plants, animals and residents near the mines, although no adverse health effects have as yet been observed. Therefore, it is needed to establish the mine reclamation works for reducing the fate and transport of mercury contamination in tailings and nearby soils of the mines.

Keywords

Abandoned metal mines

Mercury

Sequential extraction

Tailings

Soils

이 연구의 목적은 폐금속광산의 광물찌꺼기와 주변토양의 수은 오염도를 평가하고 이들의 화학적 존재형태를 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기존 연구 문헌을 기초로 수은 오염도가 확인된 8개 광산을 대상으로 광물찌꺼기 및 주변토양에서 시료를 채취하였다. 채취된 시료에 대한 수은 농도 분석과 함께 다단계 추출법을 적용하여 화학적 존재형태를 규명하고자 하였다. 수은의 존재형태는 총 수은과 원소형, 교환형, 강한 결합형, 유기형 및 잔류형 등으로 구분하였다. 화학분석 결과, 대부분의 시료에서 우리나라 토양오염 우려기준 또는 대책기준을 초과하는 수은이 검출되어 광물찌꺼기 및 주변토양의 수은 오염 현상을 확인하였다. 각 광산별 광물찌꺼기 및 주변 토양에 대한 단계별추출 결과, 수은은 대부분 이동도가 낮은 안정한 형태의 잔류형 수은(residual Hg)과 원소형 수은(elemental Hg)이 차지하고 있었으며, 함량이 높은 일부 시료에서는 교환형 수은(exchangeable Hg)과 강한 결합형 수은(strongly-bound Hg)도 소량 존재하고 있었다. 현재까지는 조사지역에 대한 오염문제가 가시화되지는 않았지만 자연환경과 약산에 의해 추출될 수 있는 교환형 수은과 주변 동물과 인간에 영향을 줄 가능성 있는 유기형 수은도 미량 존재하는 것으로 나타나 이들에 대한 적절한 관리가 필요한 것으로 평가되었다.

키워드

폐금속광산

수은

단계별(연속)추출

광물찌꺼기

토양

References

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김천한, 1997, “무기수은과 유기수은의 선택정량,” 대한화학회지, 제41권 8호, pp. 392-398.
남권철, 이준호, 박갑성, 2005, “EDTA 추출에 pH에 따른 광미의 중금속 제거,” J. Environ. Sci. Eng., 제7권, pp. 1-8.
대한광업진흥공사, 1987, “한국의 광상 (금, 은편),” 제10호, 대한광업진흥공사, p. 1013.
대한광업진흥공사, 1989, “광상시추조사보고,” 제12호, 대한광업진흥공사, p. 713.
석탄산업합리화사업단, 2005, “휴･폐금속광산 정밀실태조사 연구,” 석탄산업합리화사업단 기술총서 05-02, 372p.
이평구, 강민주, 최상훈, 신성천, 2004, “광미 및 오염된 토양에서 중금속의 존재형태 및 잠재적인 이동도,” 자원환경지질학회지, 제37권 1호, pp. 87-98.
정명채, 2002, “광산개발에 의한 환경오염현황,” 광해방지정책 및 기술 심포지움, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 37-53.
정명채, 정문영, 2006, “국내 휴폐금속광산의 환경오염 평가 및 향후 관리 방안,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제43권 5호, pp. 383-394.
한국동력자원연구소, 1982, 금광산요람, 한국동력자원연구소, p. 606.
한국자원연구소, 1997, 광산지역 광해조사 및 대책연구, 한국자원연구소 KR-97(C)-32, p. 497.
환경부, 2005a, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 일제조사(156개 광산 종합), 환경부, p. 179.
환경부, 2005b, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 개황조사(전남･북, 경기, 강원권역), 환경부, p. 1546.
환경부, 2007, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 정밀조사, 환경부, p. 1568.
환경부, 2008, 토양오염공정시험기준, 환경부, p. 229.
Basta, N., and Granwohl. R., 2000, “Estimation of Cd, Pb and Zn bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure,” J. Soil. Contamination, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 149-164.
Biester, H., 1994, “Moglichkeiten der anwendung eines temperaturgesteuerten pyrolyseverfahrens zur bestimmung der bindungsform des quecksilbers in boden und sedimenten,” Heidelberger Geowiss. Abh., pp. 75, 156.
Bloom, N.S., Katon, J., 2000, “Application of selective extractions too the daetermination of mercury speciation in mine tailings and adjacent soils. In: Assessing and Managing Mercury from Historic and Current Mining Activities,” U.S. EPA conf., November 28-30, pp. 79-83.
Chlopecka, A., J.R. Bacon, M.J. Wilson and Kay, J., 1996, “Forms of cadium, lead and zinc in contaminated soils from Southwest Poland,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 25, pp. 69-79.
Di Giulio, R.T. and Ryan, E.A., 1987, “Mercury in soils, sediments, and clams from a North Carolina peatland,” Water Air Soil Pollut, Vol. 33, pp. 205-219.
Eganhouse, R.P., Young, D.R. and Johnson, J.N., 1978, “Geochemistry of mercury in Palos Verdes sediments,” Environ. Sci. Tech, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 1151-1157.
Han, Y., Kingston, H.M., Boylan, H.M., Rahman, G.M.M., Shah, S., Richter, R.C., 2003, “Speciation of mercury in soil and sediment by selective solvent and acid extraction,” Anal Bioanal Chem, Vol. 36, pp. 375-428.
Jung, M.C. and Thornton, I., 1996, “Heavy metal contamination of soil and plants in the vicinity of lead-zinc mine, Korea,” Applied geochemistry, Vol. 11, pp. 53-59.
Kersten, M. and Forstner, U. 1986, “Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in anoxic estuarine and coastal sediment,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 121-130.
Lechler P.J., Miller, J.R., Hsu, L.C., Desilets, M.O., 1997, “Mercury mobility at the Carson River Superfund Site, west-central Nevada, USA; Interpretation of mercury speciation data in mill tailings, soils, and sediments,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 58, pp. 259-267.
Lee K.E., Chon H.T., and Jung M.C., 2008, “Contamination level and distribution patterns of Hg in soil, sediment, dust and sludge from various anthropogenic sources in Korea,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 72, No.1, pp. 445-449.
Ma, L.Q. and Rao, G.N., 1997, “Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nikel and zinc in contaminated soils,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 26, pp. 259-264.
Miller, W.P., Martens, D.C. and Zelazny, L.W., 1986, “Effect of sequence in extraction of trace metals from soils,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 50, pp. 598-601.
Quevauviller, P., Donard, O.F.X., Wasserman, J.C., Martin, F.M. and Schneider, J., 1992, “Occurrence of methylated tin and dimethyl mercury compounds in a mangrove core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil,” Appl. Organomet. Chem, Vol. 6, pp. 221-228.
Revis, N.W., Osborne, T.R., Holdsworth, G., Hadden, C., 1990, “Mercury in soil: A method for assessing acceptable limits,” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, Vol. 19, pp. 221-226.
Shiowatana, J., McLaren, R.G., Chanmekha, N. and Samphao, A., 2001, “Fractionation of arsenic in soil by a continuousflow sequential extraction method,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 30, pp. 1940-1949.
Sladek, C., Gustin, S., 2003, “Evaluation of sequential and selective extraction methods for determination of mercury speciation and mobility in mine waste,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 18, pp. 567-576.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M., 1979, “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of
particulate trace metal,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, pp. 844-850.
Wallschlager, D., Desai, D.V.M., Spengler, M., Wilken, R.D., 1998, “Mercury speciation in floodplain soils and sediments along a contaminated river transect,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 27, pp. 1034-1044.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 46
No :2
Pages :228-238

[1] 국립환경과학원, 2006, “수은의 인체노출 및 건강영향에 관한 연구(II),” 국립환경과학원보, 제28권, pp. 217-233.

[2] 김천한, 1997, “무기수은과 유기수은의 선택정량,” 대한화학회지, 제41권 8호, pp. 392-398.

[3] 남권철, 이준호, 박갑성, 2005, “EDTA 추출에 pH에 따른 광미의 중금속 제거,” J. Environ. Sci. Eng., 제7권, pp. 1-8.

[4] 대한광업진흥공사, 1987, “한국의 광상 (금, 은편),” 제10호, 대한광업진흥공사, p. 1013.

[5] 대한광업진흥공사, 1989, “광상시추조사보고,” 제12호, 대한광업진흥공사, p. 713.

[6] 석탄산업합리화사업단, 2005, “휴･폐금속광산 정밀실태조사 연구,” 석탄산업합리화사업단 기술총서 05-02, 372p.

[7] 이평구, 강민주, 최상훈, 신성천, 2004, “광미 및 오염된 토양에서 중금속의 존재형태 및 잠재적인 이동도,” 자원환경지질학회지, 제37권 1호, pp. 87-98.

[8] 정명채, 2002, “광산개발에 의한 환경오염현황,” 광해방지정책 및 기술 심포지움, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 37-53.

[9] 정명채, 정문영, 2006, “국내 휴폐금속광산의 환경오염 평가 및 향후 관리 방안,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제43권 5호, pp. 383-394.

[10] 한국동력자원연구소, 1982, 금광산요람, 한국동력자원연구소, p. 606.

[11] 한국자원연구소, 1997, 광산지역 광해조사 및 대책연구, 한국자원연구소 KR-97(C)-32, p. 497.

[12] 환경부, 2005a, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 일제조사(156개 광산 종합), 환경부, p. 179.

[13] 환경부, 2005b, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 개황조사(전남･북, 경기, 강원권역), 환경부, p. 1546.

[14] 환경부, 2007, 폐금속광산 토양오염실태 정밀조사, 환경부, p. 1568.

[15] 환경부, 2008, 토양오염공정시험기준, 환경부, p. 229.

[16] Basta, N., and Granwohl. R., 2000, “Estimation of Cd, Pb and Zn bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils by a sequential extraction procedure,” J. Soil. Contamination, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 149-164.

[17] Biester, H., 1994, “Moglichkeiten der anwendung eines temperaturgesteuerten pyrolyseverfahrens zur bestimmung der bindungsform des quecksilbers in boden und sedimenten,” Heidelberger Geowiss. Abh., pp. 75, 156.

[18] Bloom, N.S., Katon, J., 2000, “Application of selective extractions too the daetermination of mercury speciation in mine tailings and adjacent soils. In: Assessing and Managing Mercury from Historic and Current Mining Activities,” U.S. EPA conf., November 28-30, pp. 79-83.

[19] Chlopecka, A., J.R. Bacon, M.J. Wilson and Kay, J., 1996, “Forms of cadium, lead and zinc in contaminated soils from Southwest Poland,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 25, pp. 69-79.

[20] Di Giulio, R.T. and Ryan, E.A., 1987, “Mercury in soils, sediments, and clams from a North Carolina peatland,” Water Air Soil Pollut, Vol. 33, pp. 205-219.

[21] Eganhouse, R.P., Young, D.R. and Johnson, J.N., 1978, “Geochemistry of mercury in Palos Verdes sediments,” Environ. Sci. Tech, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 1151-1157.

[22] Han, Y., Kingston, H.M., Boylan, H.M., Rahman, G.M.M., Shah, S., Richter, R.C., 2003, “Speciation of mercury in soil and sediment by selective solvent and acid extraction,” Anal Bioanal Chem, Vol. 36, pp. 375-428.

[23] Jung, M.C. and Thornton, I., 1996, “Heavy metal contamination of soil and plants in the vicinity of lead-zinc mine, Korea,” Applied geochemistry, Vol. 11, pp. 53-59.

[24] Kersten, M. and Forstner, U. 1986, “Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in anoxic estuarine and coastal sediment,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 121-130.

[25] Lechler P.J., Miller, J.R., Hsu, L.C., Desilets, M.O., 1997, “Mercury mobility at the Carson River Superfund Site, west-central Nevada, USA; Interpretation of mercury speciation data in mill tailings, soils, and sediments,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 58, pp. 259-267.

[26] Lee K.E., Chon H.T., and Jung M.C., 2008, “Contamination level and distribution patterns of Hg in soil, sediment, dust and sludge from various anthropogenic sources in Korea,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 72, No.1, pp. 445-449.

[27] Ma, L.Q. and Rao, G.N., 1997, “Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nikel and zinc in contaminated soils,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 26, pp. 259-264.

[28] Miller, W.P., Martens, D.C. and Zelazny, L.W., 1986, “Effect of sequence in extraction of trace metals from soils,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 50, pp. 598-601.

[29] Quevauviller, P., Donard, O.F.X., Wasserman, J.C., Martin, F.M. and Schneider, J., 1992, “Occurrence of methylated tin and dimethyl mercury compounds in a mangrove core from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil,” Appl. Organomet. Chem, Vol. 6, pp. 221-228.

[30] Revis, N.W., Osborne, T.R., Holdsworth, G., Hadden, C., 1990, “Mercury in soil: A method for assessing acceptable limits,” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, Vol. 19, pp. 221-226.

[31] Shiowatana, J., McLaren, R.G., Chanmekha, N. and Samphao, A., 2001, “Fractionation of arsenic in soil by a continuousflow sequential extraction method,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 30, pp. 1940-1949.

[32] Sladek, C., Gustin, S., 2003, “Evaluation of sequential and selective extraction methods for determination of mercury speciation and mobility in mine waste,” Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 18, pp. 567-576.

[33] Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M., 1979, “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of

[34] particulate trace metal,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, pp. 844-850.

[35] Wallschlager, D., Desai, D.V.M., Spengler, M., Wilken, R.D., 1998, “Mercury speciation in floodplain soils and sediments along a contaminated river transect,” J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 27, pp. 1034-1044.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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