Review on Pit Lake Treatments

doi:10.12972/ksmer.2014.51.2.298

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2014 Vol.51, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

Review

Review on Pit Lake Treatments 노천광산 채굴적의 수질오염방지기술 동향: 정영욱·박현성
Young-Wook Cheong, Hyun-Sung Park

30 April 2014. pp. 298-313

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Abstract

It is reported that pit lakes formed after the closure of open pit mines around the world can become acidic leading to contamination of the local environment. According to the literature, it is strongly recommended that countermeasures based on predictions of water quality be required for better decision before the closure of open pits. One of the useful tools for prediction of water quality before mine closure is the method which integrates several models such as hydraulic, limnological and geochemical models. It could predict changes in parameters such as stratification, alkalinity, acidity, dissolved metals in a pit lakes over time and then be used for decision making and design of pit closure plans. Attempts have been made to prevent and remediate these acidic pit lakes, using filling of waste rock and water, bacterial sulfate reduction reactions and lime dosing systems.

Keywords

Open pit mine

Pit lake

Predictions of water quality

Decision making

노천광산이 개발된 외국의 경우 폐광된 이후 채굴적이 산성호수로 변하면서 광산주변 환경을 오염시킨 사례들이 보고된다. 문헌조사에 의하면 노천광산호수로 인한 수질오염방지를 위해서 폐광 이전에 수질오염의 예측과 이를 기반으로 적절한 폐광 조치의 필요성을 강조한다. 광산호수의 수질예측 방법으로 수리-호소-지구화학 모델들을 연계하여 광산호수의 층화현상, 알칼리도, 산도 그리고 용존금속의 변화 등을 시간의 함수로 예측하며 수질오염방지 계획의 의사 결정에 활용되기도 한다. 노천채굴적 산성광산호수의 수질 오염방지를 위해서 폐석 혹은 담수 충전법, 황환원반응과 석회사용법 등이 시도되고 있다.

키워드

노천채굴적

광산호수

수질예측

의사결정

References

Aube, B., 2003, “Lime Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage in Canada,” Brazil-Canada Seminar on Mine Reclamation, Florianopolis, Brazil.
ASTM, 2010, “Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores and Related Materials for Carbon, Sulfur, and Acid-Base Characteristics,” ASTM International, E1915-09.
Boak, R. and Beale, G., 2008, “Mine Closure and Reclamation - Practical Examples of Options and Issues,” www.imwa.info/ docs/imwa_2008/IMWA2008_071_Boak.pdf (accessed Jan 8, 2014).
Castendyk, D.N. and Webster-Brown, J.G., 2007, “Sensitivity Analyses in Pit Lake Prediction, Martha Mine, New Zealand 2: Geochemistry, Water–Rock Reactions, and Surface Adsorption,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 244, PP. 244:56-73.
Castendyk, D.N. and Eary, L.E., 2009, “Mine pit lakes : Characteristics, Predictive Modeling and Sustainability,” SME, pp. 5-7.
Choi, Y.S., Sunwoo, C. and Park, H.D., 2006, “Control of open-pit mine drainage for mine reclamation using Geographic Information Systems,” J. of Korean society for geosystem engineering, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 429-438.
Choi, Y.S. and Park, H.D., 2011, “Gis modeling for design of in-pit stormwater ponds In large scale open-pit mines,” J. of Korean society for geosystem engineering, Vol. 48, No. 2, PP. 165-177.
Cook, T., Skousen, J. and Hilton, T., 2008, “Covering Pre- existing, Acid-producing Fills with Alkaline Sandstone to Control Acid Mine Drainage,” Mine water environ., DOI 10.1007/s10230-008-0051-7.
Duaime, T.E. and Tucci, N.J., 2009, “Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit, Water-Level Monitoring and Water-Quality Sampling 2008 Consent Decree Update Butte, Montana 1982-2008,” Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Open file report No. 589, pp. 1-145.
Davis, A. and Eary, L.E., 1997, “Pit Lake Water Quality in the Western United States: an Analysis of Chemogenetic Trends,” Mining Engineering, pp. 98-102.
Earth systems, 2014.01.08, “Portable Treatment Systems,” http://earthsystems.com.au/services/water-treatment/portable-treatment-systems.
Eary, L.E., Jakubowski, R., Eshleman, J. and Watson, A., 2009, “Applying Numerial Hydrologeochemical Models as Decision Support Tools for Mine Closure Planning,” Talings and mine wates ‘08, pp. 221-231.
Fortygin, A., Martschuk, J., Roberson, J., Bowell, R. and Dey, M., 2009, “The Use of NSR durng the Fedorovo ARDML Evaluation Program,” 8^th ICARD Skelleftea, Sweden, pp. 22-26.
Gammons, C.H., Harris, L.N., Castro, J.M., Cott, P.A. and Hanna, B.W., 2009, “Creating Lakes from Open Pit Mines: Processes and Considerations, with Emphasis on Northern Environments,” Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2826, pp. 5-20.
Gitari, W.M., Petrik, L.F., Etchebers, O., Key, D.L. and Okujeni, C., 2008, “Utilization of Fly Ash for Treatment of Coal Mines Wastewater: Solubility Controls on Major Inorganic Contaminants,” Fuel, Vol. 87, pp. 2450-2462.
Hutchison, I.G. and Ellison, R.D., 1992, “Mine Waste Management,” Lewis Publisher, London, pp. 130-142.
Ian Wark Research Institute, 2002, “ARD Test Handbook,” pp. G-2p.
Jewell, P.W., 2009, “Stratification Controls of Pit Mine Lakes,” Mining engineering(Technical Paper), pp. 40-45.
Kasendyk, D.N. and Eary, L.E., 2009, “Mine Pit Lakes- Characteristics, Predictive Modelling and Sustainability (Vol. 3),” Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), pp. 1-11.
Kumar, R.N., McCullough, C.D. and Lund, M.A., 2009, “Water Resources in Australian Mine Pit Lakes,” Water in Mining Conference, Perth, WA, 15 - 17 Sep. 2009, pp. 247-252.
Lottermoser, B.G., 2007, “Mine wastes: Characterization, Treatment, Environmental Impacts,” Springer, pp. 83-89.
Maest, A.S., Kuipers, J.R. and Travers, D.A., 2005, “Predicting Water Quality at Hardrock Mines-Methods and Models, Uncertainties and State-of-the-Art,” Kuipers & Associates and Buka Environmental, pp. 1-77.
Meuzelaar, T., 2011, “GWB Workshop,” RockWare Inc. pp. 1-159.
Miller, M., 2013, “Modeling Hydrodynamics and Water Quality of Pit Lakes - A Hands-on Introduction to the open Source Software PITLAKQ,” Workshop of IMWA annual conference 2013, pp.1-39.
Neculita, C.M. and Zagury, G.J., 2008, “Biological Treatment of Highly Contaminated Acid Mine Drainage in Batch Reactors: Long-term Treatment and Reactive Mixture Characterization,” J. Hazardous Materials, Vol. 157, pp. 358-366.
Ngah, S.A., Reed, S.M. and Singh, R.N., 1984, “Groundwater Problems in Surface Mining in the United Kingdom,” Internatinal J. of mine water, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, “Modeling Low-temperature Geochemical Processes,” In: Treatise on Geochemistry, H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds. Vol. 5, Surface and Ground Water, Weathering and Soils, J.I. Drever(ed), Elsevier Ltd. pp. 37-72.
Orava, D., 1997, “Waste Rock and Tailings Disposal Technologies Workshop,” 1997 ACARD workshop handout.
Petrik, A.L., 2004, “Environmental Impact of the Placing of Coal Residue, Fine Coal Residue and Ash in Mined out Areas,” Coaltech 2020, University of the Western Cape, pp. 1-103.
Schultze, M., Geller, W. and Wendt-Potthoff, K., 2009, “Management of Water Quality in German Pit Lakes,” 8^th ICARD, Skelleftea Sweden, pp. 1-15.
Skousen, J., Renton, J., Brown, H., Evans, P., Leavitt, B., Brady, K., Cohen, L. and Ziemkiewicz, P., 1997. “Neutralization Potential of Overburden Samples Containing Siderite,” J. of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 673-681.
Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R. and Smith, R.M., 1978, “Field and Laboratory Methods Applicable to Overburdens and Mine Soils,” EPA-600/2-78-054, Washington, DC.
Tremblay, G.A. and Hogan, C.M., 2001, “MEND Manual, Volume 4 – Prevention and control,” MEND, 5.4.2d.
Ulrich, K., Bethge, C., Guderitz, I., Heinrich, B., Neumann, V., Nitsche, C. and Benthaus, F., 2012, “In-Lake Neutralization: Quantification and Prognoses of the Acid Load into a Conditioned Pit Lake (Lake Bockwitz, Central Germany),” Mine Water Environ., Vol. 31, pp. 320-338.
USEPA, 2006, “Management and Treatment of Water from Hard Rock Mines,” EPA/625/R-06/014, pp. 1-42.
Villain, L., 2011, “Effectiveness of Reclamation by Backfilling and Sealing at Kimheden Open-Pit mine, Northern Sweden,” Lulea university of technology, pp. 1-17.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Journal Title(Ko) :한국자원공학회지
Volume : 51
No :2
Pages :298-313
DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2014.51.2.298

[1] Aube, B., 2003, “Lime Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage in Canada,” Brazil-Canada Seminar on Mine Reclamation, Florianopolis, Brazil.

[2] ASTM, 2010, “Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores and Related Materials for Carbon, Sulfur, and Acid-Base Characteristics,” ASTM International, E1915-09.

[3] Boak, R. and Beale, G., 2008, “Mine Closure and Reclamation - Practical Examples of Options and Issues,” www.imwa.info/ docs/imwa_2008/IMWA2008_071_Boak.pdf (accessed Jan 8, 2014).

[4] Castendyk, D.N. and Webster-Brown, J.G., 2007, “Sensitivity Analyses in Pit Lake Prediction, Martha Mine, New Zealand 2: Geochemistry, Water–Rock Reactions, and Surface Adsorption,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 244, PP. 244:56-73.

[5] Castendyk, D.N. and Eary, L.E., 2009, “Mine pit lakes : Characteristics, Predictive Modeling and Sustainability,” SME, pp. 5-7.

[6] Choi, Y.S., Sunwoo, C. and Park, H.D., 2006, “Control of open-pit mine drainage for mine reclamation using Geographic Information Systems,” J. of Korean society for geosystem engineering, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 429-438.

[7] Choi, Y.S. and Park, H.D., 2011, “Gis modeling for design of in-pit stormwater ponds In large scale open-pit mines,” J. of Korean society for geosystem engineering, Vol. 48, No. 2, PP. 165-177.

[8] Cook, T., Skousen, J. and Hilton, T., 2008, “Covering Pre- existing, Acid-producing Fills with Alkaline Sandstone to Control Acid Mine Drainage,” Mine water environ., DOI 10.1007/s10230-008-0051-7.

[9] Duaime, T.E. and Tucci, N.J., 2009, “Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit, Water-Level Monitoring and Water-Quality Sampling 2008 Consent Decree Update Butte, Montana 1982-2008,” Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Open file report No. 589, pp. 1-145.

[10] Davis, A. and Eary, L.E., 1997, “Pit Lake Water Quality in the Western United States: an Analysis of Chemogenetic Trends,” Mining Engineering, pp. 98-102.

[11] Earth systems, 2014.01.08, “Portable Treatment Systems,” http://earthsystems.com.au/services/water-treatment/portable-treatment-systems.

[12] Eary, L.E., Jakubowski, R., Eshleman, J. and Watson, A., 2009, “Applying Numerial Hydrologeochemical Models as Decision Support Tools for Mine Closure Planning,” Talings and mine wates ‘08, pp. 221-231.

[13] Fortygin, A., Martschuk, J., Roberson, J., Bowell, R. and Dey, M., 2009, “The Use of NSR durng the Fedorovo ARDML Evaluation Program,” 8^th ICARD Skelleftea, Sweden, pp. 22-26.

[14] Gammons, C.H., Harris, L.N., Castro, J.M., Cott, P.A. and Hanna, B.W., 2009, “Creating Lakes from Open Pit Mines: Processes and Considerations, with Emphasis on Northern Environments,” Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2826, pp. 5-20.

[15] Gitari, W.M., Petrik, L.F., Etchebers, O., Key, D.L. and Okujeni, C., 2008, “Utilization of Fly Ash for Treatment of Coal Mines Wastewater: Solubility Controls on Major Inorganic Contaminants,” Fuel, Vol. 87, pp. 2450-2462.

[16] Hutchison, I.G. and Ellison, R.D., 1992, “Mine Waste Management,” Lewis Publisher, London, pp. 130-142.

[17] Ian Wark Research Institute, 2002, “ARD Test Handbook,” pp. G-2p.

[18] Jewell, P.W., 2009, “Stratification Controls of Pit Mine Lakes,” Mining engineering(Technical Paper), pp. 40-45.

[19] Kasendyk, D.N. and Eary, L.E., 2009, “Mine Pit Lakes- Characteristics, Predictive Modelling and Sustainability (Vol. 3),” Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), pp. 1-11.

[20] Kumar, R.N., McCullough, C.D. and Lund, M.A., 2009, “Water Resources in Australian Mine Pit Lakes,” Water in Mining Conference, Perth, WA, 15 - 17 Sep. 2009, pp. 247-252.

[21] Lottermoser, B.G., 2007, “Mine wastes: Characterization, Treatment, Environmental Impacts,” Springer, pp. 83-89.

[22] Maest, A.S., Kuipers, J.R. and Travers, D.A., 2005, “Predicting Water Quality at Hardrock Mines-Methods and Models, Uncertainties and State-of-the-Art,” Kuipers & Associates and Buka Environmental, pp. 1-77.

[23] Meuzelaar, T., 2011, “GWB Workshop,” RockWare Inc. pp. 1-159.

[24] Miller, M., 2013, “Modeling Hydrodynamics and Water Quality of Pit Lakes - A Hands-on Introduction to the open Source Software PITLAKQ,” Workshop of IMWA annual conference 2013, pp.1-39.

[25] Neculita, C.M. and Zagury, G.J., 2008, “Biological Treatment of Highly Contaminated Acid Mine Drainage in Batch Reactors: Long-term Treatment and Reactive Mixture Characterization,” J. Hazardous Materials, Vol. 157, pp. 358-366.

[26] Ngah, S.A., Reed, S.M. and Singh, R.N., 1984, “Groundwater Problems in Surface Mining in the United Kingdom,” Internatinal J. of mine water, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-12.

[27] Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, “Modeling Low-temperature Geochemical Processes,” In: Treatise on Geochemistry, H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian, eds. Vol. 5, Surface and Ground Water, Weathering and Soils, J.I. Drever(ed), Elsevier Ltd. pp. 37-72.

[28] Orava, D., 1997, “Waste Rock and Tailings Disposal Technologies Workshop,” 1997 ACARD workshop handout.

[29] Petrik, A.L., 2004, “Environmental Impact of the Placing of Coal Residue, Fine Coal Residue and Ash in Mined out Areas,” Coaltech 2020, University of the Western Cape, pp. 1-103.

[30] Schultze, M., Geller, W. and Wendt-Potthoff, K., 2009, “Management of Water Quality in German Pit Lakes,” 8^th ICARD, Skelleftea Sweden, pp. 1-15.

[31] Skousen, J., Renton, J., Brown, H., Evans, P., Leavitt, B., Brady, K., Cohen, L. and Ziemkiewicz, P., 1997. “Neutralization Potential of Overburden Samples Containing Siderite,” J. of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 673-681.

[32] Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R. and Smith, R.M., 1978, “Field and Laboratory Methods Applicable to Overburdens and Mine Soils,” EPA-600/2-78-054, Washington, DC.

[33] Tremblay, G.A. and Hogan, C.M., 2001, “MEND Manual, Volume 4 – Prevention and control,” MEND, 5.4.2d.

[34] Ulrich, K., Bethge, C., Guderitz, I., Heinrich, B., Neumann, V., Nitsche, C. and Benthaus, F., 2012, “In-Lake Neutralization: Quantification and Prognoses of the Acid Load into a Conditioned Pit Lake (Lake Bockwitz, Central Germany),” Mine Water Environ., Vol. 31, pp. 320-338.

[35] USEPA, 2006, “Management and Treatment of Water from Hard Rock Mines,” EPA/625/R-06/014, pp. 1-42.

[36] Villain, L., 2011, “Effectiveness of Reclamation by Backfilling and Sealing at Kimheden Open-Pit mine, Northern Sweden,” Lulea university of technology, pp. 1-17.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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