A Case Study of Evaluation of Acid Producing Potential of Road-cut Rock Slopes

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2008 Vol.45, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

A Case Study of Evaluation of Acid Producing Potential of Road-cut Rock Slopes 도로 암반 절취사면에 대한 산 발생능력 평가의 사례연구: 민경원, 한동열
Kyoung-Won Min and Dong-Youl Han

30 April 2008. pp. 188-201

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Abstract

Acid rock drainage (ARD) developed as a result of road construction imposes various engineering, environmental, and social problems. Engineering impacts from ARD, the product of atmospheric oxidation of rock-forming sulfide minerals, including degradation of surface water quality, disintegration of construction materials, and structural damage of buildings, have been documented widely around the world. Evaluation of acid producing potential of earth materials is strongly suggested as an essential step in the pre-design stage of construction works especially in the vicinity of mining areas. To characterize the ARD and to evaluate acid producing potential of road-cut rocks, samples of rocks and water were collected from two road-cut sites of shale to phyllite showing such visual indicators of ARD as orange precipitates along streambed and rocks. Acid Base Accounting (ABA) and Net Acid Generation (NAG) test, the most commonly applied static test to evaluate the potential acidity, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis were performed for fifteen rock samples. As a result, in terms of NAPP (Net Acid Producing Potential) and NAGpH (pH of Net Acid Generation), seven, four, and four rock samples were classified into a PAF (potentially acid forming) group, a NAF (non-acid forming) group, and an uncertain group, respectively. Water samples with low pH of 4.4, low dissolved oxygen (DO), and high contents of heavy metals and sulfate ion confirmed that the classification scheme by NAPP and NAGpH can be a reliable tool to assess acid producing potential of rock mass.

Keywords

ARD

acid producing potential

ABA

NAG test

도로건설에 의해 발생하는 산성암석배수는 수많은 기술적, 환경적, 사회적 문제를 야기한다. 조암광물인 황화광물의 산화에 따른 산물인 산성암석배수의 영향으로 지표수의 수질 악화, 건설 재질의 부식 및 건축물의 구조적 손상 등이 전 세계적으로 널리 나타나고 있다. 따라서 건설공사의 예비설계단계에서, 특히 광산부근지역에서는 암석의 산발생 능력의 평가가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 산성암석배수의 산물인 하상 및 암석에 주황색 침전물이 나타나는 2개 지역의 도로 절취사면에서 채취한 셰일 내지 천매암의 산 발생능력을 평가하였다. 15개의 암석시료에 대해 산 발생능력을 평가하기 위하여 일반적으로 적용하는 산-염기평가(ABA) 및 순산발생량(NAG)시험과 함께 XRD 및 XRF 분석을 수행하였다. 순산발생능력(NAPP)과 순산발생산도(NAGpH)를 변수로 암석시료를 분류한 결과, 산발생가능(PAF)군, 산비발생(NAF)군, 불분명(UC)군에 각각 7개, 4개 및 4개의 암석시료가 구분되었다. 이 지역에서 채취한 물 시료의 경우 pH가 4.4, 낮은 용존산소량(DO), 높은 중금속 및 황산염의 농도로 산성암석배수임을 나타내어 순산발생능력과 순산발생산도를 이용한 분류법이 암석의 산 발생능력 평가법으로 신뢰성이 높다는 것을 보였다.

키워드

산성암석배수

산발생능력

산-염기 평가

순산발생량 시험

References

강지훈, 이철구, 2002, “미원-보은지역에서 옥천변성대의 지질구조”, 암석학회지, 제 11권 3-4호, pp. 234-249.
이규호, 김재곤, 박삼규, 이진수, 전철민, 김탁현, 2005a, “산성암석배수에 의한 절취사면 구조물의 피해 현황과 평가”, 한국지반공학회논문집, 제 51권 5호, pp. 82-92.
이규호, 김재곤, 이진수, 전철민, 박삼규, 김탁현, 고경석, 김통권, 2005b, “건설현장 절취사면의 산성암석배수 발생특성과 잠재적 산발생능력 평가”, 자원환경지질, 제 38권 1호, pp. 91-99.
임길재, 정영욱, 지상우, 이현석, 한동열, 박성원, 2006, “경남 일부 지역에 대한 산성암석배수 발생 예측 및 의의”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 43권 4호, pp. 350-358.
자원개발연구소, 1979, 한국지질도 미원도폭(1:50,000).
지상우, 정영욱, 임길재, 이현석, 2006, “도로 건설에 의해 노출된 절취사면 암석에 대한 산성암석배수 발생 평가”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 43권 4호, pp. 339-349.
지상우, 정영욱, 백승한, 김윤상, 고주인, 김선준, 임길재, 이현석, 2007, “건설현장에서 발생되는 산성암석배수의 발생 예측 및 적용 사례”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 44권 1호, pp. 82-93.
최석원, 이찬희, 원경식, 김일석, 2001, “청주-상주간 고속 도로 예정구간의 회북지역에 대한 지질학적 및 수리지구 화학적 특성”, 지질학회지, 제 37권 1호, pp. 83-106.
Adams, C.B., Klamka, C.A., and Hollababaugh, C.L., 1999, “Geochemical mornitoring of Kiser Creek, near Buchanan, Haralson County, Georgia: the effects of pyrite-rich rocks on the pH, iron, and sulfate content of surface water”, Georgia J. Sci., Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 113-122.
ASTM, 1998, “D5774-96, Standard test method for accelerated weathering of solid materials using a modified humidity cell”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 259-271.
Caruccio, F.T., 1968, “An evaluation of factors affecting acidic mine drainage production and the ground water interaction”, Symp. on Coal Mine Drainage Research, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, PA, pp. 107-151.
Daniels, W.L. and Orndorff, Z.W., 2003, “Acid rock drainage from highway and construction activities in Virginia, USA”, 6th. ICARD Conf., Cairns, QLD, AU, 12-18 July 2003, pp. 497-487.
diPretoro, R.S. and Rauch, H.W., 1988, “Use of acid-base accounts in pre-mining prediction of acid drainage potential: a new approach form Northern West Virginia”, Proceeding, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Mines IC 9183, Pittsburgh, Vol. 1, pp. 1-10.
Erickson, P.M. and Hedin, R., 1988, “Evaluation of overburden analytical methods as a means to predict post-mining coal mine drainage quality”, Proceeding, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Mines IC 9183, Pittsburgh, Vol. 1, pp. 11-19.
Ferguson K.D. and Morin K.A., 1991, “The prediction of acid rock drainage - Lesson from the database”, Proc. Second Int. Conf. on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, September 16-18, Vol. 3, pp. 85-106.
Fox, D., Robinson, C., and Zentilli, M., 1997, “Pyrrhotite and associated sulfides and their relationship to acid rock drainage in the Halifax Formation, Meguma Group, Nova Scotia”, Atlantic Geology, Vol. 33, pp. 87-103.
Gautama, R.S. and Hartaji, S., 2004, “Improve the accuracy of geochemical rock modelling for acid rock drainage prevention in coal mine”, Mine Water and Environment, Vol. 23, pp. 100-104.
Ian Wark Research Institute, 2002, ARD Test Handbook, AMIRA International Ltd., pp. A1-D-5.
Igarishi, T. and Oyama, T., 1999, “Deterioration of water quality in a reservoir receiving pyrite bearing rock drainage and its geochemical modelling”, Engineering Geology, Vol. 55, pp. 45-55.
Kargbo, D.M. and He, J., 2004, “A simple accelerated rock weathering method to predict acid generation kinetics”, Environmental Geology, Vol. 46, pp. 775-783.
Kelly, D.A. and McCleary, E.C., 1994, “Successive alkalinity-producing system(SAPS) for the treatment of acidic mine drainage”, International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and the Third International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Vol. 1, pp.195-204.
Lapakko, K.A., 1988, “Prediction of acid mine drainage from Duluth Complex mining wastes in northeastern Minnesota, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, Mine Water and Mine Waste”, Proc. of the 1988 Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation Conference. U.S. Bureau of Mines IC9183, Vol. 1, pp. 180-190.
Lapakko, K.A. and White, W., 2000, “Modification of the ASTM 5744-96 kinetic test”, Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Vol. 1, pp. 631-639.
Lawrence, R. and Day, S., 1997, “Chemical Prediction Technique for ARD” Short Course Note, the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, pp. 20-44.
Mathew, R.C. Jr. and Morgan, E.L., 1982, “Toxicity of Anakeesta Formation leachates to shovel-nosed salamander, Great Smoky Mountain National Park”, J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 11, pp. 102-106.
Orava, D., 1997, “In-Pit disposal for ARD control”, Short Course Notes on Waste Rock Tailings Disposal Technologies for Reactive Waste Management, the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
Orndorff, Z.W., 2001, Evaluation of sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors, thesis for Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA, 175p.
Sengupta, M., 1993, Environmental Impact of Mining: Monitoring, Restoration, and Control, Lew Pub., 494p.
Singer, P.C. and Stumm, W., 1970, “Acid mine drainage: the rate-determining step”, Science, Vol. 167, pp. 1121-1123.
Skousen, J., Simmons. J., and McDonald, L.M., Ziemkiewicz, P., 2002, “Acid-Base Accounting to predict post-mining drainage quality on surface mines”, J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 31, pp. 2034-2044.
Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R., and Smith, R.M., 1978, Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburdens and mine soils, EPA-600/2-78-054, USEPA.
Sobek, A.A., Skousen, J.G., and Fisher, S.E. Jr., 2000, “Chemical and physical properties of overburdens and mine soils”, pp. 77-104 In: Barnhisel, R.I. et al.(eds.), Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Lands, Amer. Soc. Agron. Monograph No. 41, Madison, WI.
Surface Mine Drainage Task Force, 1979, Suggested guidelines for method of operation in surface mining of areas with potentially acid-producing materials, West Virginia Mining and Reclamation Association, Charleton, WV.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 45
No :2
Pages :188-201

[1] 강지훈, 이철구, 2002, “미원-보은지역에서 옥천변성대의 지질구조”, 암석학회지, 제 11권 3-4호, pp. 234-249.

[2] 이규호, 김재곤, 박삼규, 이진수, 전철민, 김탁현, 2005a, “산성암석배수에 의한 절취사면 구조물의 피해 현황과 평가”, 한국지반공학회논문집, 제 51권 5호, pp. 82-92.

[3] 이규호, 김재곤, 이진수, 전철민, 박삼규, 김탁현, 고경석, 김통권, 2005b, “건설현장 절취사면의 산성암석배수 발생특성과 잠재적 산발생능력 평가”, 자원환경지질, 제 38권 1호, pp. 91-99.

[4] 임길재, 정영욱, 지상우, 이현석, 한동열, 박성원, 2006, “경남 일부 지역에 대한 산성암석배수 발생 예측 및 의의”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 43권 4호, pp. 350-358.

[5] 자원개발연구소, 1979, 한국지질도 미원도폭(1:50,000).

[6] 지상우, 정영욱, 임길재, 이현석, 2006, “도로 건설에 의해 노출된 절취사면 암석에 대한 산성암석배수 발생 평가”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 43권 4호, pp. 339-349.

[7] 지상우, 정영욱, 백승한, 김윤상, 고주인, 김선준, 임길재, 이현석, 2007, “건설현장에서 발생되는 산성암석배수의 발생 예측 및 적용 사례”, 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 44권 1호, pp. 82-93.

[8] 최석원, 이찬희, 원경식, 김일석, 2001, “청주-상주간 고속 도로 예정구간의 회북지역에 대한 지질학적 및 수리지구 화학적 특성”, 지질학회지, 제 37권 1호, pp. 83-106.

[9] Adams, C.B., Klamka, C.A., and Hollababaugh, C.L., 1999, “Geochemical mornitoring of Kiser Creek, near Buchanan, Haralson County, Georgia: the effects of pyrite-rich rocks on the pH, iron, and sulfate content of surface water”, Georgia J. Sci., Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 113-122.

[10] ASTM, 1998, “D5774-96, Standard test method for accelerated weathering of solid materials using a modified humidity cell”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 259-271.

[11] Caruccio, F.T., 1968, “An evaluation of factors affecting acidic mine drainage production and the ground water interaction”, Symp. on Coal Mine Drainage Research, Monroeville, Pennsylvania, PA, pp. 107-151.

[12] Daniels, W.L. and Orndorff, Z.W., 2003, “Acid rock drainage from highway and construction activities in Virginia, USA”, 6th. ICARD Conf., Cairns, QLD, AU, 12-18 July 2003, pp. 497-487.

[13] diPretoro, R.S. and Rauch, H.W., 1988, “Use of acid-base accounts in pre-mining prediction of acid drainage potential: a new approach form Northern West Virginia”, Proceeding, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Mines IC 9183, Pittsburgh, Vol. 1, pp. 1-10.

[14] Erickson, P.M. and Hedin, R., 1988, “Evaluation of overburden analytical methods as a means to predict post-mining coal mine drainage quality”, Proceeding, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, U.S. Bureau of Mines IC 9183, Pittsburgh, Vol. 1, pp. 11-19.

[15] Ferguson K.D. and Morin K.A., 1991, “The prediction of acid rock drainage - Lesson from the database”, Proc. Second Int. Conf. on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Montreal, Quebec, September 16-18, Vol. 3, pp. 85-106.

[16] Fox, D., Robinson, C., and Zentilli, M., 1997, “Pyrrhotite and associated sulfides and their relationship to acid rock drainage in the Halifax Formation, Meguma Group, Nova Scotia”, Atlantic Geology, Vol. 33, pp. 87-103.

[17] Gautama, R.S. and Hartaji, S., 2004, “Improve the accuracy of geochemical rock modelling for acid rock drainage prevention in coal mine”, Mine Water and Environment, Vol. 23, pp. 100-104.

[18] Ian Wark Research Institute, 2002, ARD Test Handbook, AMIRA International Ltd., pp. A1-D-5.

[19] Igarishi, T. and Oyama, T., 1999, “Deterioration of water quality in a reservoir receiving pyrite bearing rock drainage and its geochemical modelling”, Engineering Geology, Vol. 55, pp. 45-55.

[20] Kargbo, D.M. and He, J., 2004, “A simple accelerated rock weathering method to predict acid generation kinetics”, Environmental Geology, Vol. 46, pp. 775-783.

[21] Kelly, D.A. and McCleary, E.C., 1994, “Successive alkalinity-producing system(SAPS) for the treatment of acidic mine drainage”, International Land Reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and the Third International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, Vol. 1, pp.195-204.

[22] Lapakko, K.A., 1988, “Prediction of acid mine drainage from Duluth Complex mining wastes in northeastern Minnesota, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, Mine Water and Mine Waste”, Proc. of the 1988 Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation Conference. U.S. Bureau of Mines IC9183, Vol. 1, pp. 180-190.

[23] Lapakko, K.A. and White, W., 2000, “Modification of the ASTM 5744-96 kinetic test”, Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Vol. 1, pp. 631-639.

[24] Lawrence, R. and Day, S., 1997, “Chemical Prediction Technique for ARD” Short Course Note, the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, pp. 20-44.

[25] Mathew, R.C. Jr. and Morgan, E.L., 1982, “Toxicity of Anakeesta Formation leachates to shovel-nosed salamander, Great Smoky Mountain National Park”, J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 11, pp. 102-106.

[26] Orava, D., 1997, “In-Pit disposal for ARD control”, Short Course Notes on Waste Rock Tailings Disposal Technologies for Reactive Waste Management, the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

[27] Orndorff, Z.W., 2001, Evaluation of sulfidic materials in Virginia highway corridors, thesis for Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA, 175p.

[28] Sengupta, M., 1993, Environmental Impact of Mining: Monitoring, Restoration, and Control, Lew Pub., 494p.

[29] Singer, P.C. and Stumm, W., 1970, “Acid mine drainage: the rate-determining step”, Science, Vol. 167, pp. 1121-1123.

[30] Skousen, J., Simmons. J., and McDonald, L.M., Ziemkiewicz, P., 2002, “Acid-Base Accounting to predict post-mining drainage quality on surface mines”, J. Environ. Qual., Vol. 31, pp. 2034-2044.

[31] Sobek, A.A., Schuller, W.A., Freeman, J.R., and Smith, R.M., 1978, Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburdens and mine soils, EPA-600/2-78-054, USEPA.

[32] Sobek, A.A., Skousen, J.G., and Fisher, S.E. Jr., 2000, “Chemical and physical properties of overburdens and mine soils”, pp. 77-104 In: Barnhisel, R.I. et al.(eds.), Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Lands, Amer. Soc. Agron. Monograph No. 41, Madison, WI.

[33] Surface Mine Drainage Task Force, 1979, Suggested guidelines for method of operation in surface mining of areas with potentially acid-producing materials, West Virginia Mining and Reclamation Association, Charleton, WV.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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