Analysis of Rock Discontinuities Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

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2012 Vol.49, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Research Paper

Analysis of Rock Discontinuities Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning 지상 레이저 스캐닝 기법을 이용한 암반 사면의 불연속면 분석: 오승찬·박형동·조영도
Sungchan Oh, Hyeong-Dong Park and Young-Do Jo

29 February 2012. pp. 37-46

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Abstract

Discontinuity orientation is a major factor that influences mechanical behavior of rock mass. Field survey using clinometer can collect orientation data, but recent laser scanning technique has been used alteratively. Existing laser scanning method was labor-intensive in preprocessing, and trial and error approach was required to adjust input parameters. Therefore, this study presents orientation analysis technique directly from raw point cloud data obtained from laser scanning. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, indoor test was performed, and the error of dip direction and dip was within 2°. Field test were performed at rock exposures in Sinsang-ri, Gapyeong, Korea, and the orientation result was within observation error. This method is expected to be useful when field discontinuity measurement is needed with a preservation of rock face in underground tunnel or rock slope.

Keywords

Laser scanning

Terrestrial lidar

Rock slope

Discontinuities

Orientation

암반의 역학적 거동을 평가하는 데 입력되는 주요 변수 중 하나인 불연속면의 방향성은 일반적으로 수작업 측정을 통해 얻어지지만 최근 레이저 스캐닝 기법을 활용한 분석이 이루어지고 있다. 지금까지의 레이저 스캐닝 분석 기법은 전처리 작업이 복잡하고 시행착오를 통해 입력 변수를 조정할 필요가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구는 레이저 스캐닝으로부터 얻어진 점군 자료로부터 직접적으로 방향성 분석을 수행하는 기법을 제시한다. 제시한 방법의 정확도를 판단하기 위해 실내 시험을 수행한 결과 경사방향, 경사각에 대해 평균 2도 이내의 오차로 방향성을 예측하였다. 현장 적용성을 확인하기 위하여 경기도 가평군 신상리의 화강암 암반에 대해 자료를 취득하고 분석을 수행하여 조사자에 따른 측정 오차 이내의 값을 얻었다. 본 연구에서 제안한 기법은 대상 암반을 재현하면서 절리군 분석, 개별 절리의 분류가 가능하여 사면이나 터널에서의 방향성 정보 획득에 이용될 것으로 기대한다.

키워드

레이저 스캐닝

지상 라이다

암반사면

불연속면

방향성

References

김치환, Kemeny, J., 2008, “LIDAR와 Split-FX 소프트웨어를 이용한 암반 절리면의 자동추출과 절리의 특성 분석,” 터널과 지하공간, 제19권 1호, pp. 1-10.
민경원, 한동열, 2008, “도로 암반 절취사면에 대한 산 발생능력 평가의 사례연구,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제45권 2호, pp. 188-201.
박성욱, 박혁진, 2011, “지상라이다를 이용한 암반사면 불연속면거칠기에 대한 확률특성 분석,” 대한지질공학회지, 제21권 1호, pp. 1-13.
손호웅, 오석훈, 김영경, 2006, “3차원 레이저 스캐닝 시스템을 이용한 불연속면의 방향성 측정과 터널 변위 모니터링,” 대한지구물리학회지, 제9권 1호, pp. 47-62.
정찹엽, 박형동, 2003, “3D laser scanning 및 수치사진측량을 이용한 암반 사면의 DEM 추출 기법,” 터널과 지하공간, 제13권 3호, pp. 207-214.
한국지질자원연구원, 2004, 한국의 지질노두 150선, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 72-73.
한정훈, 송재준, 2007, “입체사진측량기법의 암반절리조사에 대한 적용성 연구,” 터널과 지하공간, 제17권 2호, pp. 139-151.
Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D. and Silva, C.T., 2003, “Computing and rendering point set surfaces,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-15.
Ewan, V.J. and WEST, G., 1981, “Reproducibility of joint orientation measurements in rock,” Transport and Road Research Laboratory, p. 18.
Fenq, Q., 2001, Novel methods for 3-d semi-automatic mapping of fracture geometry at exposed rock faces. Thesis(PhD). Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
Feng, Q. and Roshoff, K., 2006, “Semi-automatic mapping of discontinuity orientation at rock exposure by using 3D laser scanning techniques,” IAEG2006, p. 751.
Hahnel, D., Burgard, W. and Thrun, S., 2003, “Learning compact 3D models of indoor and outdoor environments with a mobile robot,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Vol. 44, pp. 15-27.
Hammah, R.E. and Curran, J.H., 1998, “Fuzzy cluster algorithm for the automatic identification of joint sets,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 889-905.
Kemeny, J., Turner, K. and Norton, B., 2006, “LIDAR for Rock Mass Characterization: Hardware, Software, Accuracy and Best-Practices,” Proc. of the Laser and Photogrammetric Methods for Rock Face Characterization: Exploring New Opportunities, Golden, Colorado, USA, June 17-18.
Lato, M.J. and Diederichs, M.S., 2009, “Bias correction for view-limited lidar scanning of rock outcrops for structural characterization,” Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 43, pp. 615-628.
Poppinga, J., Vaskevicius, N., Birk, A. and Pathak, K., 2008, “Fast plane detection and polygonalization in noisy 3D range images,” Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Nice, France, September 22-26, pp. 3378-3383.
Roncella, R. and Forlani, G., 2005, “Extraction of planar patches from point clouds to retrieve dip and dip direction of rock discontinuities,” Proc. of the ISPRS Workshop Laser scanning 2005, ISPRS Archives, Volume XXXVI, Enshede, Netherlands, September 12-14, pp. 162-167.
Reid, T.R. and Harrison, J.P., 2000, “A semi-automated methodology for discontinuity trace detection in digital images of rock mass exposures,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 37, No.7, pp. 1073-1089.
Slob, S., Robert, H. and Keith, T.A., 2002, “An approach to automate discontinuity measurements of rock faces using laser scanning techniques,” Proc. of the ISRM International Symposium on Rock Engineering for Mountainous Regions, Funchal, Portugal, November 25-28, pp. 87-94.
Sturzenegger M. and Stead, D., 2009, “Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts,” Engineering Geology, Vol. 106, pp. 163-182.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 49
No :1
Pages :37-46

[1] 김치환, Kemeny, J., 2008, “LIDAR와 Split-FX 소프트웨어를 이용한 암반 절리면의 자동추출과 절리의 특성 분석,” 터널과 지하공간, 제19권 1호, pp. 1-10.

[2] 민경원, 한동열, 2008, “도로 암반 절취사면에 대한 산 발생능력 평가의 사례연구,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제45권 2호, pp. 188-201.

[3] 박성욱, 박혁진, 2011, “지상라이다를 이용한 암반사면 불연속면거칠기에 대한 확률특성 분석,” 대한지질공학회지, 제21권 1호, pp. 1-13.

[4] 손호웅, 오석훈, 김영경, 2006, “3차원 레이저 스캐닝 시스템을 이용한 불연속면의 방향성 측정과 터널 변위 모니터링,” 대한지구물리학회지, 제9권 1호, pp. 47-62.

[5] 정찹엽, 박형동, 2003, “3D laser scanning 및 수치사진측량을 이용한 암반 사면의 DEM 추출 기법,” 터널과 지하공간, 제13권 3호, pp. 207-214.

[6] 한국지질자원연구원, 2004, 한국의 지질노두 150선, 한국지질자원연구원, pp. 72-73.

[7] 한정훈, 송재준, 2007, “입체사진측량기법의 암반절리조사에 대한 적용성 연구,” 터널과 지하공간, 제17권 2호, pp. 139-151.

[8] Alexa, M., Behr, J., Cohen-Or, D., Fleishman, S., Levin, D. and Silva, C.T., 2003, “Computing and rendering point set surfaces,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-15.

[9] Ewan, V.J. and WEST, G., 1981, “Reproducibility of joint orientation measurements in rock,” Transport and Road Research Laboratory, p. 18.

[10] Fenq, Q., 2001, Novel methods for 3-d semi-automatic mapping of fracture geometry at exposed rock faces. Thesis(PhD). Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.

[11] Feng, Q. and Roshoff, K., 2006, “Semi-automatic mapping of discontinuity orientation at rock exposure by using 3D laser scanning techniques,” IAEG2006, p. 751.

[12] Hahnel, D., Burgard, W. and Thrun, S., 2003, “Learning compact 3D models of indoor and outdoor environments with a mobile robot,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Vol. 44, pp. 15-27.

[13] Hammah, R.E. and Curran, J.H., 1998, “Fuzzy cluster algorithm for the automatic identification of joint sets,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 889-905.

[14] Kemeny, J., Turner, K. and Norton, B., 2006, “LIDAR for Rock Mass Characterization: Hardware, Software, Accuracy and Best-Practices,” Proc. of the Laser and Photogrammetric Methods for Rock Face Characterization: Exploring New Opportunities, Golden, Colorado, USA, June 17-18.

[15] Lato, M.J. and Diederichs, M.S., 2009, “Bias correction for view-limited lidar scanning of rock outcrops for structural characterization,” Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 43, pp. 615-628.

[16] Poppinga, J., Vaskevicius, N., Birk, A. and Pathak, K., 2008, “Fast plane detection and polygonalization in noisy 3D range images,” Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Nice, France, September 22-26, pp. 3378-3383.

[17] Roncella, R. and Forlani, G., 2005, “Extraction of planar patches from point clouds to retrieve dip and dip direction of rock discontinuities,” Proc. of the ISPRS Workshop Laser scanning 2005, ISPRS Archives, Volume XXXVI, Enshede, Netherlands, September 12-14, pp. 162-167.

[18] Reid, T.R. and Harrison, J.P., 2000, “A semi-automated methodology for discontinuity trace detection in digital images of rock mass exposures,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 37, No.7, pp. 1073-1089.

[19] Slob, S., Robert, H. and Keith, T.A., 2002, “An approach to automate discontinuity measurements of rock faces using laser scanning techniques,” Proc. of the ISRM International Symposium on Rock Engineering for Mountainous Regions, Funchal, Portugal, November 25-28, pp. 87-94.

[20] Sturzenegger M. and Stead, D., 2009, “Close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts,” Engineering Geology, Vol. 106, pp. 163-182.

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