Unconventional Reservoirs: Review on Geophysical Well Logging for Shale Plays

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2012 Vol.49, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

General Remarks

Unconventional Reservoirs: Review on Geophysical Well Logging for Shale Plays 비전통 자원 Shale play에 대한 물리검층 기술 동향: 황세호·진규호
Seho Hwang and Gyuho Jin

30 April 2012. pp. 248-260

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Abstract

Recently development of unconventional natural gases such shale gas, tight gas, coalbed methane is becoming important in the worldwide. Over the last decade, the shift of oilfield industry to unconventional plays has occurred as a results of the fast increase of oil and gas price and demand, and advances of development technologies in shale play. Exploitation of shale gas basically depends upon the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in order to increase the gas production. Therefore understanding for characteristics including total organic contents, rock mineralogy composition, clay type, brittleness and stress profile etc is fundamental to successful drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Geophysical well logging such as wireline logging in vertical exploration well and LWD/MWD (Logging While Drilling/Measurement While Drilling) in horizontal development well play a important role in evaluating gas shale, design of hydraulic fracturing, verifying the efficiency of post-fracturing. Shortly various geophysical well log data is a key information of decision-making processes in shale play. In this paper, the emerging technologies of geophysical well logging in shale play of North America introduced, and this article is useful to understand the role of geophysical well log in shale play.

Keywords

Unconventional gas

Shale gas

Geophysical well log

Formation evaluation

최근 전 세계적으로 비전통가스인 세일가스, 치밀가스, 탄층메탄 개발의 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 지난 10여 년간 석유산업은 석유가격과 수요의 급속한 증가와 셰일가스 개발기술의 진전으로 비재래전통 가스개발로 이동하고 있다. 셰일가스의 개발은 기본적으로 가스 생산을 증대시키기 위한 수평시추와 수압파쇄에 의존한다. 그래서 총유기탄소량, 광물구성, 점토 특성, 메짐성과 응력의 분포 등에 대한 이해가 성공적인 수평시추와 수압파쇄의 기초가 된다. 수직 시추공에서의 물리검층, 수평 시추공에서의 LWD/MWD 자료는 세일가스 평가, 수압파쇄 설계와 수압파쇄 이후의 효율검증에 중요한 역할을 한다. 결론적으로 다양한 물리검층 자료는 셰일가스 개발의 의사결정 과정에서 중요한 핵심적인 정보라 할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 북미 지역에서 개발하고 있는 셰일가스 개발 과정에서 적용되는 최근의 물리검층 기술을 소개하며 이들 정보는 셰일가스 개발을 이해하는데 많은 도움이 될 것이다.

키워드

비전통가스

셰일가스

물리검층

지층평가

References

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김용식, 황인걸, 김현태, 이현석, 이대성, 2011, “마르셀러스 셰일의 지질학적 특징 및 셰일가스 개발전략,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제48호 3호, pp. 371-382.
백문석, 2011, “비전통 가스자원 및 한국가스공사의 사업 현황,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 48권, 4호, pp. 524-538.
지식경제부, 2011, “자원개발기술 전략로드맵,” 지식경제부.
한국에너지기술평가원, 2012, “KETEP Issue paper, 신가스(unconventional gas) 기술개발 전략,” 한국에너지기술평가원 미래전략연구센터, 제2호.
Alexander, T., Baihly, J., Boyer, C., Clark, B., Waters, G., Jochen, V., Calvez, J. L., Lewis, R., Miller, C. K., Thaeler, J. and Toelle, E., 2011, “Shale gas revolution,” Oilfield Review Autumn, Schlumberger.
Bassiouni, A., 1994, Theory, measurement, and interpretation of well logs, SPE text series Vol. 4, p. 372.
Bateman, R.M., 1985, Open-hole log analysis and formation evaluation, IHRSC, p. 635.
Buller, D., Market, J., Petre, E., Spain, D. and Odumosu, T., 2010, “Petrophysical evaluation for enhancing hydraulic stimulation in horizontal shale gas wells,” SPE 132990 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibtion, Florence, Itay, September 19-22.
Canady, W., 2011, “A method for full-range Young's modulus correction,” SPE 143604 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.
Cipolla, C., Mack, M. and Maxwell, S., 2010, “Reducing exploration and appraisal risk in low permeability reservoirs using microseismic fracture mapping - Part 2,” SPE 138103 presented at the SPE Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Lima, Peru, December 1-3.
Cipolla, C., Weng, X., Onda, H., Nadaraja, T., Ganguly, U. and Malpani, R., 2011, “New algorithms and integrated workflow for tight gas and shale completions,” SPE 146872 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 30-November 2.
Clarkson, C., 2011, “Reservoir engineering for unconventional gas reservoirs: What do we have to consider?,” SPE 145080 presented at the North American Unconventional Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.
Crain, E., 2010, “Unicons in the garden of good and evil: Part 1 - Total organic carbon (TOC),” Reservoir Issue, Vol. 10, pp. 31-34.
Dresser Atlas, 1982, Interpretative methods for production well logs, Dresser Atlas, Dresser Industries, Inc.
El Sharawy, M. and Gaafar, G., 2012, “Application of well log analysis for source rock evaluation in the Duwi Formation, Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt,” Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 80, pp. 129-143.
Eubanks, D., 2008, “Application of resistivity borehole image analysis in unconventional gas reservoir field development,” SPWLA 49 Annual Logging Symposium, Paper XX.
Fertl, W. and Chiliang, G., 1998, “Total organic carbon content determined from well logs,” SPE Formation Evaluation, June, pp. 407-419.
Franquet, J., Bratovich, M. and Glass, R., 2012, “State-of- the-art openhole shale gas logging,” SPE 160862 presented at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobarm, Saudi Arabia, April 8-11.
Glorioso, J. and Rattia, A., 2012, “Unconventional reservoirs: Basic petrophysical concepts for shale gas,” SPE 153004 presented at the SPE/EAEG European Unconventional Resource Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, March 20-22.
Heddleston, D., 2009, “Horizontal well production logging development and measurement techniques for US land shale hydrocarbon plays,” SPE 120591 presented at the 2009 SPE Production and Operation Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, April 4-8.
Heddleston, D. and Haggarty, M., 2010, “Shale gas horizontal logging measurements and challenges,” SPE 133134 presented at the SPE Tight Gas Completion Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, November 2-3.
Holditch, S.A., 2006, “Tight Gas Sands,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 58, No.6, pp. 86-93.
Houston, M., McCallister, M., Jany, J. and Audet, J., 2010, “Next generation multi-stage completion technology and risk sharing accelerates development of the Bakken play,” SPE 135584 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.
Kennedy, R., Knecht, W. and Georgi, D., 2012, “Comparison and contrasts of shale gas and tight gas development, North American experience and trends,” SPE 160855 presented at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, April 8-11.
King, G., 2012, “Hydraulic fracturing 101: What every representative, environmentalist, regulor, reporter, university researcher, neighbor and engineer should know about estimating frac risk and improving frac performance in unconventional gas and oil wells,” SPE 152596 presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 6-8.
LeCompte, B. and Hursan, G., 2012, “Quantifying source rock maturity from logs: How to get more TOC from delta log R,” SPE 133128 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conferene and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.
Lewis, R., Ingraham, D., Pearcy, M., Williamson, J., Sawyer, W. and Frantz, J., 2004, “New evaluation techniques for gas reservoirs,” Reservoir Symposium 2004.
McCarthy, K., Rojas, K., Niemann, M., Palmowski, D., Peters, K. and Stankiewicz, A., 2011, “Basic petroleum geochemistry for source rock evaluation,” Oilfield Review Summer, Schlumberger.
McKeon, M., 2011, “Horizontal fracturing in shale play,” PTTC Workshops, Taken a deeper look at shales: Geology and potential of the upper ordovician Utica shale in the Appalachian Basin.
Miller, C., Waters, G. and Rylander, E., 2011, “Evaluation of production log data from horizontal wells drilled in organic shale,” SPE 144326 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.
Moon, B., Kok, J., Tollefsen, E., Han S., Bailhly, J. and Malpani, R., 2011, “Improving shale gas production through accurate well placement,” World Oil, Feb., pp. 101-107.
Passey, Q., Creamey, S., Kulla, J., Moretti, F. and Stroud, 1990, “A practical model for organic richness from porosity and resistivity logs,” AAPG, Vol. 74, pp. 1777-1794.
Quirein, J., Witkowsky, J., Truax, J., Galford, J., Spain, D. and Odumosu, T., 2010, “Integrating core data and wireline geochemical data for formation evlauation and characterization of shale gas reservoir,” SPE 134559 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.
Ramirez, T., Klein, J., Bonne, R. and Howard, J., 2011, “Comparative study of formation evaluation methods for unconventional shale-gas reservoirs: Application to the Haynesville shale (Texas),” SPE 144062 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.
Rickman, R., Mllen, M., Petre, E., Greise, B. and Kundert, D., 2008, “A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: All shale play are not clones of the Barnnet shale,” SPE 115258 presented at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibtion, Dever, Colorado, USA, September 21-24.
Sakmar, S., 2011, “Shale gas developments in North America: An overview of the regulatory and environmental challenges facing the industry,” SPE 144279 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.
Schlumberger, 1973, Production log interpretation, Schlumberger Well Services.
Schlumberger, 1989, Log interpretation principles/application, Schlumberger Education Services, p. 240.
Smolen, J.J., 1996, Cased hole and production log evaluation, PennWell, p. 365.
Sondergeid, C., Newsham, K., Comisky, J., Rice, M. and Rai, C., 2010, “Petrophysical consideration in evaluating and producing shale gas resources,” SPE 131768 presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Oittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, February 23-25.
Spears, R. and Jackson, S., 2009, “Development of a predictive tool for estimating well performance in horizontal shale gas wells in the Barnett shale, North Texas, USA,” Petrophysics, Vol. 50, pp. 19-31.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 49
No :2
Pages :248-260

[1] 고재홍, 2007, “미국 텍사스 주 포트워스 분지의 바넷 셰일가스 시스템,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제44권 5호, pp. 455-473.

[2] 김용식, 황인걸, 김현태, 이현석, 이대성, 2011, “마르셀러스 셰일의 지질학적 특징 및 셰일가스 개발전략,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제48호 3호, pp. 371-382.

[3] 백문석, 2011, “비전통 가스자원 및 한국가스공사의 사업 현황,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 48권, 4호, pp. 524-538.

[4] 지식경제부, 2011, “자원개발기술 전략로드맵,” 지식경제부.

[5] 한국에너지기술평가원, 2012, “KETEP Issue paper, 신가스(unconventional gas) 기술개발 전략,” 한국에너지기술평가원 미래전략연구센터, 제2호.

[6] Alexander, T., Baihly, J., Boyer, C., Clark, B., Waters, G., Jochen, V., Calvez, J. L., Lewis, R., Miller, C. K., Thaeler, J. and Toelle, E., 2011, “Shale gas revolution,” Oilfield Review Autumn, Schlumberger.

[7] Bassiouni, A., 1994, Theory, measurement, and interpretation of well logs, SPE text series Vol. 4, p. 372.

[8] Bateman, R.M., 1985, Open-hole log analysis and formation evaluation, IHRSC, p. 635.

[9] Buller, D., Market, J., Petre, E., Spain, D. and Odumosu, T., 2010, “Petrophysical evaluation for enhancing hydraulic stimulation in horizontal shale gas wells,” SPE 132990 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibtion, Florence, Itay, September 19-22.

[10] Canady, W., 2011, “A method for full-range Young's modulus correction,” SPE 143604 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.

[11] Cipolla, C., Mack, M. and Maxwell, S., 2010, “Reducing exploration and appraisal risk in low permeability reservoirs using microseismic fracture mapping - Part 2,” SPE 138103 presented at the SPE Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Lima, Peru, December 1-3.

[12] Cipolla, C., Weng, X., Onda, H., Nadaraja, T., Ganguly, U. and Malpani, R., 2011, “New algorithms and integrated workflow for tight gas and shale completions,” SPE 146872 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 30-November 2.

[13] Clarkson, C., 2011, “Reservoir engineering for unconventional gas reservoirs: What do we have to consider?,” SPE 145080 presented at the North American Unconventional Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.

[14] Crain, E., 2010, “Unicons in the garden of good and evil: Part 1 - Total organic carbon (TOC),” Reservoir Issue, Vol. 10, pp. 31-34.

[15] Dresser Atlas, 1982, Interpretative methods for production well logs, Dresser Atlas, Dresser Industries, Inc.

[16] El Sharawy, M. and Gaafar, G., 2012, “Application of well log analysis for source rock evaluation in the Duwi Formation, Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt,” Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 80, pp. 129-143.

[17] Eubanks, D., 2008, “Application of resistivity borehole image analysis in unconventional gas reservoir field development,” SPWLA 49 Annual Logging Symposium, Paper XX.

[18] Fertl, W. and Chiliang, G., 1998, “Total organic carbon content determined from well logs,” SPE Formation Evaluation, June, pp. 407-419.

[19] Franquet, J., Bratovich, M. and Glass, R., 2012, “State-of- the-art openhole shale gas logging,” SPE 160862 presented at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobarm, Saudi Arabia, April 8-11.

[20] Glorioso, J. and Rattia, A., 2012, “Unconventional reservoirs: Basic petrophysical concepts for shale gas,” SPE 153004 presented at the SPE/EAEG European Unconventional Resource Conference and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, March 20-22.

[21] Heddleston, D., 2009, “Horizontal well production logging development and measurement techniques for US land shale hydrocarbon plays,” SPE 120591 presented at the 2009 SPE Production and Operation Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, April 4-8.

[22] Heddleston, D. and Haggarty, M., 2010, “Shale gas horizontal logging measurements and challenges,” SPE 133134 presented at the SPE Tight Gas Completion Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, November 2-3.

[23] Holditch, S.A., 2006, “Tight Gas Sands,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 58, No.6, pp. 86-93.

[24] Houston, M., McCallister, M., Jany, J. and Audet, J., 2010, “Next generation multi-stage completion technology and risk sharing accelerates development of the Bakken play,” SPE 135584 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.

[25] Kennedy, R., Knecht, W. and Georgi, D., 2012, “Comparison and contrasts of shale gas and tight gas development, North American experience and trends,” SPE 160855 presented at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, April 8-11.

[26] King, G., 2012, “Hydraulic fracturing 101: What every representative, environmentalist, regulor, reporter, university researcher, neighbor and engineer should know about estimating frac risk and improving frac performance in unconventional gas and oil wells,” SPE 152596 presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 6-8.

[27] LeCompte, B. and Hursan, G., 2012, “Quantifying source rock maturity from logs: How to get more TOC from delta log R,” SPE 133128 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conferene and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.

[28] Lewis, R., Ingraham, D., Pearcy, M., Williamson, J., Sawyer, W. and Frantz, J., 2004, “New evaluation techniques for gas reservoirs,” Reservoir Symposium 2004.

[29] McCarthy, K., Rojas, K., Niemann, M., Palmowski, D., Peters, K. and Stankiewicz, A., 2011, “Basic petroleum geochemistry for source rock evaluation,” Oilfield Review Summer, Schlumberger.

[30] McKeon, M., 2011, “Horizontal fracturing in shale play,” PTTC Workshops, Taken a deeper look at shales: Geology and potential of the upper ordovician Utica shale in the Appalachian Basin.

[31] Miller, C., Waters, G. and Rylander, E., 2011, “Evaluation of production log data from horizontal wells drilled in organic shale,” SPE 144326 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.

[32] Moon, B., Kok, J., Tollefsen, E., Han S., Bailhly, J. and Malpani, R., 2011, “Improving shale gas production through accurate well placement,” World Oil, Feb., pp. 101-107.

[33] Passey, Q., Creamey, S., Kulla, J., Moretti, F. and Stroud, 1990, “A practical model for organic richness from porosity and resistivity logs,” AAPG, Vol. 74, pp. 1777-1794.

[34] Quirein, J., Witkowsky, J., Truax, J., Galford, J., Spain, D. and Odumosu, T., 2010, “Integrating core data and wireline geochemical data for formation evlauation and characterization of shale gas reservoir,” SPE 134559 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, September 19-22.

[35] Ramirez, T., Klein, J., Bonne, R. and Howard, J., 2011, “Comparative study of formation evaluation methods for unconventional shale-gas reservoirs: Application to the Haynesville shale (Texas),” SPE 144062 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.

[36] Rickman, R., Mllen, M., Petre, E., Greise, B. and Kundert, D., 2008, “A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: All shale play are not clones of the Barnnet shale,” SPE 115258 presented at the 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibtion, Dever, Colorado, USA, September 21-24.

[37] Sakmar, S., 2011, “Shale gas developments in North America: An overview of the regulatory and environmental challenges facing the industry,” SPE 144279 presented at the SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 14-16.

[38] Schlumberger, 1973, Production log interpretation, Schlumberger Well Services.

[39] Schlumberger, 1989, Log interpretation principles/application, Schlumberger Education Services, p. 240.

[40] Smolen, J.J., 1996, Cased hole and production log evaluation, PennWell, p. 365.

[41] Sondergeid, C., Newsham, K., Comisky, J., Rice, M. and Rai, C., 2010, “Petrophysical consideration in evaluating and producing shale gas resources,” SPE 131768 presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Conference, Oittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, February 23-25.

[42] Spears, R. and Jackson, S., 2009, “Development of a predictive tool for estimating well performance in horizontal shale gas wells in the Barnett shale, North Texas, USA,” Petrophysics, Vol. 50, pp. 19-31.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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