Geological Characteristics and Development Strategy of the Marcellus Shale

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2011 Vol.48, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Geological Characteristics and Development Strategy of the Marcellus Shale 마르셀러스 셰일의 지질학적 특징 및 셰일가스 개발전략: 김용식, 황인걸, 김현태, 이현석, 이대성
Yong-Sik Gihm, In-Gul Hwang, Hyun-Tae Kim, Hyun-Suk Lee and Dae-Sung Lee

30 June 2011. pp. 371-382

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Abstract

Marcellus Shale is an unconventional resources and is distributed over 140,000 km2 in the Appalachian Basin. This shale contains about 300∼1,500 TCF of natural gas in place. The Appalachian Basin is a foreland basin, and is characterized by alternating deposits of shale and siltstone resulting from fluctuation of sediment supply and water depth according to intermittent crustal loading. The shale was deposited by turbidity currents or by settling of suspended mud when sediment supply was scant due to disturbance of the drainage system by crustal loading. Increasing pore-water pressure and generation of gas with subsidence make fractures parallel to tectonic stress associated with collision between Gondwana and Laurentia plates. Horizontal drilling is recommended to produce gas from the shale than vertical one, because it can crosscut many pre-existing fractures. Water demand for the horizontal drilling and the hydrofracturing is increasing with the increase in gas production. Water is available from development of ground water, use of recycled water, and purification of waste water. To mitigate environmental pollutions, construction of waste water purification system and drilling of horizontal well are necessary.

Keywords

Marcellus shale

Horizontal well

Shale gas

Joint set

Environmental pollution

마르셀러스 셰일은 신석유가스자원으로서, 미국 북동부 애팔래치아 분지 내 140,000 km2 면적에 걸쳐 분포하며 원시부존량이 약 300∼1,500 TCF에 달한다. 애팔래치아 분지는 융기대 전면분지로, 간헐적인 스러스트 하중에 의한 퇴적물 공급량 및 수심의 변화로 흑색셰일 및 실트가 교호하는 것이 특징이다. 셰일은 스러스트 하중에 의한 하천의 교란으로 인해 퇴적물의 공급량이 적을 때, 저탁류 또는 부유퇴적물의 침전에 의해 퇴적되었다. 퇴적 후 분지의 침강에 따라 형성된 가스와 공극수압으로 인해 균열이 형성되었고, 이는 로렌시아-곤드와나판의 충돌에 따른 응력배열에 평행하게 발달하였다. 셰일로부터 가스를 회수하기 위해서는 이러한 균열을 많이 횡절할 수 있는 수평시추가 유리하다. 마르셀러스 셰일에 대한 생산이 늘어남에 따라 수평시추 및 수압파쇄에 사용되는 용수의 수요가 증가한다. 지하수의 개발과 용수재처리, 인접광산의 폐수처리 등을 통해 수평시추 및 수압파쇄를 위한 용수를 확보할 수 있다. 또한 가스 생산과 관련된 여러 환경오염에 의한 피해를 줄이기 위해 수평시추 및 폐수 처리시설 건설이 필요하다.

키워드

마르셀러스

수평정

셰일가스

절리군

환경오염

References

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임종세, 서광원, 이선아, 이정환, 안승희, 신창훈, 2010, “가스전 회수증진 기술 동향 및 적용사례,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 47권 5호, pp. 798-808
Agbaji, A., Lee, B., Kumar, H., Belvalkar, R., Eslambolich, S., Guiadem, S. and Park, S., 2009, Sustainable Development and Design of Marcellus Shale Play in Susquehanna, PA, Report of EME 580, Penn State University, State College, PA, pp. 1-143.
Anonymous, 2009, Modern Shale Gas Development In The United States: A PRIMER, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, pp. 1-83.
Appalachian Shale Water Conservation and Management Committee (ASWCMC), 2008, Spreadsheet of 13 ASWCMC Companies.
Arthur, J.D., Bohm, B., Coughlin, B.J. and Layne, M., 2009, “Evaluating Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Gas Reservoirs,” SPE paper 121038 presented at the 2009 SPE Americas E&P Environmental & Safety Conference, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A., March 23-25.
Bell, M.R.G., Hardestyet, J.T. and Clark, N.G., 2009, “Reactive Perforating: Conventional and Unconventional Applications, Learning and Opportunities,” SPE paper 122174 presented at 2009 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, May 27-29.
Castle, J.W., 2001, “Appalachian basin stratigraphic response to convergent-margin structural evolution,” Basin Research, Vol. 13, pp. 397-418.
Charpentier, R.R., Witt, W., Claypool, G.E., Harris, L.D., Mast, R.F., Megeath, J.D., Roen, J.B., and Schmoker, S.W., 1993, Estimates of Unconventional Natural Gas Resources of the Devonian Shales of the Appalachian Basin, In Roen, J.B. and Kepferle, R.C., eds., Petroleum Geology of Devonian and Mississippian Black Shale of Eastern North America, U.S.G.S. bulletin 1909, pp. N1-N14.
Department of Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania, 2011.4.30, http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/water_resources_advisory_committee_%28wrac%29/14017/wrac_2009/589231
Engelder, T. and Lash, G.G., 2007, “Systematic Joints in Devonian Black Shale.” (Unpublished Draft).
Engelder, T. and Lash, G.G., 2008, “Marcellus Shale Play's Vast Resource Potential Creating Stir in Appalachia,” American Oil and Gas Reporter, Vol. 51, pp. 76-87.
Engelder, T., Lash G.G. and Uzcategui, R.S., 2009, “Joint sets that enhance production from Middle and Upper Devonian gas shales of the appalachian basin,” American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Vol. 93, pp. 857-889.
Faill, R.T., 1997, “A geologic history of the north-central Appalachian, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 297, pp. 729-761.
Fontaine, J., Johnson, N. and Schoen, D., 2008, “Design, Execution, and Evaluation of a “Typical” Marcellus Shale Slickwater Stimulation: A Case History,” SPE paper 117772 presented at 2008 SPE Eastern Regional/AAPG Eastern Section Joint Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A., October 11-15.
Gaudlip, A.W., Paugh, L.O. and Hayes, T.D., 2008, “Marcellus Shale Water Management Challenges in Pennsylvania,” SPE paper 119898 presented at 2008 SPE Shale Gas Production Conference, Forth Worth, TX, U.S.A., November 16-18.
Haper, J.A., 2008, “The Marcellus Shale-an Old “New” Gas Reservoir in Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Geology, Vol. 38, pp. 2-13.
Hibbard, J.P., Van Staal, C.R. and Rankin, D.W., 2007, “A comparative analysis of pre-Silurian crustal building blocks of the northern and the southern Appalachian orogen,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 307, pp. 23-45.
Jacobi, D., Gladkikh, M., LeCompte, B., Hursan, G., Mendez, F., Longo, J., Ong, S., Bratovitch, M., Patton, G. and Shoemaker, P., 2008, “Integrated Petrophysical Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs,” SPE paper 114925 presented at 2008 CIPC/SPE Gas Technology Symposium Joint Conference, Calgery Alberta, Canada, June 16-19.
Janwadkar, S., Hummes, O., Freyer, C., Rogers, T., Simoton, S. and Black, D., 2009, “Innovative Design Rotary Steerable Technologies Overcome Challenges of Complex Well Profiles in a Fast Growing Unconventional Resource - Woodford Shale,” IADC/SPE paper 119959 presented at 2009 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference & Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, March 17-19.
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Mazzullo, S.J., 1973, “Deltaic depositional environments in the Hamilton Group (middle Devonian), southeastern New York State,” Journal of Sedimentary petrology, Vol. 43, pp. 1061-1071.
Milici, R.C. and Swezey, C.S., 2006, Assessment of Appalachian Basin Oil and Gas Resources: Devonian Shale - Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2006-1237, pp. 1-70.
Myers, R., 2008, Marcellus Shale Update, Independent Oil & Gas Association of West Virginia. (Unpublished Data) Ozkan, E., Brown, M., Raghavan, R. and Kazemi, H., 2009, “Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,” SPE paper 121290 presented at 2009 SPE Western Regional Meeting, San Jose, CA, U.S.A., March 24-26.
Reeves, S.R., Morrison, W.K. and Hill, D.G., 1993, “Pumps, Refracturing Hike Production from Tight Shale Wells,” Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 91, pp. 35-39.
Roen, J.B., 1984, “Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian basin,” Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 241-254.
Rowan, E.L., 2006, Burial and thermal history of the central Appalachian basin, based on 3 2-D models of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1019, pp. 1-35.
Ryder, R.T., Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I. and Varnes, K.L., 1995, Appalachian Basin Province (067), 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources-Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, pp. 1-85.
Sagemana, B.B., Murphyb, A.E., Wernec, J.P., Straetend, C.A., Hollandere, D.J. and Lyons T.W., 2003, “A tale of shales: the relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian basin,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 195, pp. 229-273.
Soeder, D.J., 1988, “Porosity and Permeability of Eastern Devonian Gas Shale,” Society of Petroleum Engineers Formation Evaluation, Vol. 3, pp. 116-124.
Soeder, D.J. and Kappel, W.M., 2009, Water Resources and Natural Gas Production from the Marcellus Shale, U.S. Geological Survey USGS Fact Sheet, pp. 2009-3032.
Stampfli, G.M. and Borel, G.D., 2002, “A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 196, pp. 17-33.
Swistock, B., 2009, Water Quality Impacts from Natural Gas Drilling, PSU Earth Talks Series, State College, PA.
Valko, P., 2009, “Assigning Value to Stimulation in the Barnett Shale: A Simultaneous Analysis of 7000 Plus Production Histories and Well Completion Records,” SPE paper 119369 presented at 2009 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A., January 19-21.
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Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 48
No :3
Pages :371-382

[1] 고재홍, 2007, “미국 텍사스 주 포트워스 분지의 바넷 셰일가스 시스템,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 44권 5호, pp. 455-473.

[2] 임종세, 서광원, 이선아, 이정환, 안승희, 신창훈, 2010, “가스전 회수증진 기술 동향 및 적용사례,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제 47권 5호, pp. 798-808

[3] Agbaji, A., Lee, B., Kumar, H., Belvalkar, R., Eslambolich, S., Guiadem, S. and Park, S., 2009, Sustainable Development and Design of Marcellus Shale Play in Susquehanna, PA, Report of EME 580, Penn State University, State College, PA, pp. 1-143.

[4] Anonymous, 2009, Modern Shale Gas Development In The United States: A PRIMER, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, pp. 1-83.

[5] Appalachian Shale Water Conservation and Management Committee (ASWCMC), 2008, Spreadsheet of 13 ASWCMC Companies.

[6] Arthur, J.D., Bohm, B., Coughlin, B.J. and Layne, M., 2009, “Evaluating Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale Gas Reservoirs,” SPE paper 121038 presented at the 2009 SPE Americas E&P Environmental & Safety Conference, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A., March 23-25.

[7] Bell, M.R.G., Hardestyet, J.T. and Clark, N.G., 2009, “Reactive Perforating: Conventional and Unconventional Applications, Learning and Opportunities,” SPE paper 122174 presented at 2009 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, May 27-29.

[8] Castle, J.W., 2001, “Appalachian basin stratigraphic response to convergent-margin structural evolution,” Basin Research, Vol. 13, pp. 397-418.

[9] Charpentier, R.R., Witt, W., Claypool, G.E., Harris, L.D., Mast, R.F., Megeath, J.D., Roen, J.B., and Schmoker, S.W., 1993, Estimates of Unconventional Natural Gas Resources of the Devonian Shales of the Appalachian Basin, In Roen, J.B. and Kepferle, R.C., eds., Petroleum Geology of Devonian and Mississippian Black Shale of Eastern North America, U.S.G.S. bulletin 1909, pp. N1-N14.

[10] Department of Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania, 2011.4.30, http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/water_resources_advisory_committee_%28wrac%29/14017/wrac_2009/589231

[11] Engelder, T. and Lash, G.G., 2007, “Systematic Joints in Devonian Black Shale.” (Unpublished Draft).

[12] Engelder, T. and Lash, G.G., 2008, “Marcellus Shale Play's Vast Resource Potential Creating Stir in Appalachia,” American Oil and Gas Reporter, Vol. 51, pp. 76-87.

[13] Engelder, T., Lash G.G. and Uzcategui, R.S., 2009, “Joint sets that enhance production from Middle and Upper Devonian gas shales of the appalachian basin,” American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Vol. 93, pp. 857-889.

[14] Faill, R.T., 1997, “A geologic history of the north-central Appalachian, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 297, pp. 729-761.

[15] Fontaine, J., Johnson, N. and Schoen, D., 2008, “Design, Execution, and Evaluation of a “Typical” Marcellus Shale Slickwater Stimulation: A Case History,” SPE paper 117772 presented at 2008 SPE Eastern Regional/AAPG Eastern Section Joint Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A., October 11-15.

[16] Gaudlip, A.W., Paugh, L.O. and Hayes, T.D., 2008, “Marcellus Shale Water Management Challenges in Pennsylvania,” SPE paper 119898 presented at 2008 SPE Shale Gas Production Conference, Forth Worth, TX, U.S.A., November 16-18.

[17] Haper, J.A., 2008, “The Marcellus Shale-an Old “New” Gas Reservoir in Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Geology, Vol. 38, pp. 2-13.

[18] Hibbard, J.P., Van Staal, C.R. and Rankin, D.W., 2007, “A comparative analysis of pre-Silurian crustal building blocks of the northern and the southern Appalachian orogen,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 307, pp. 23-45.

[19] Jacobi, D., Gladkikh, M., LeCompte, B., Hursan, G., Mendez, F., Longo, J., Ong, S., Bratovitch, M., Patton, G. and Shoemaker, P., 2008, “Integrated Petrophysical Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs,” SPE paper 114925 presented at 2008 CIPC/SPE Gas Technology Symposium Joint Conference, Calgery Alberta, Canada, June 16-19.

[20] Janwadkar, S., Hummes, O., Freyer, C., Rogers, T., Simoton, S. and Black, D., 2009, “Innovative Design Rotary Steerable Technologies Overcome Challenges of Complex Well Profiles in a Fast Growing Unconventional Resource - Woodford Shale,” IADC/SPE paper 119959 presented at 2009 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference & Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, March 17-19.

[21] Kafuman, P., Penny, G.S. and Paktinat, J., 2008, “Critical Evaluations of Additives Used in Shale Slickwater Fracs,” SPE paper 119900 presented at 2008 SPE Shale Gas Production Conference, Forth Worth, TX, U.S.A., November 16-18.

[22] Mazzullo, S.J., 1973, “Deltaic depositional environments in the Hamilton Group (middle Devonian), southeastern New York State,” Journal of Sedimentary petrology, Vol. 43, pp. 1061-1071.

[23] Milici, R.C. and Swezey, C.S., 2006, Assessment of Appalachian Basin Oil and Gas Resources: Devonian Shale - Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2006-1237, pp. 1-70.

[24] Myers, R., 2008, Marcellus Shale Update, Independent Oil & Gas Association of West Virginia. (Unpublished Data) Ozkan, E., Brown, M., Raghavan, R. and Kazemi, H., 2009, “Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,” SPE paper 121290 presented at 2009 SPE Western Regional Meeting, San Jose, CA, U.S.A., March 24-26.

[25] Reeves, S.R., Morrison, W.K. and Hill, D.G., 1993, “Pumps, Refracturing Hike Production from Tight Shale Wells,” Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 91, pp. 35-39.

[26] Roen, J.B., 1984, “Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian basin,” Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 241-254.

[27] Rowan, E.L., 2006, Burial and thermal history of the central Appalachian basin, based on 3 2-D models of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1019, pp. 1-35.

[28] Ryder, R.T., Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I. and Varnes, K.L., 1995, Appalachian Basin Province (067), 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources-Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, pp. 1-85.

[29] Sagemana, B.B., Murphyb, A.E., Wernec, J.P., Straetend, C.A., Hollandere, D.J. and Lyons T.W., 2003, “A tale of shales: the relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian basin,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 195, pp. 229-273.

[30] Soeder, D.J., 1988, “Porosity and Permeability of Eastern Devonian Gas Shale,” Society of Petroleum Engineers Formation Evaluation, Vol. 3, pp. 116-124.

[31] Soeder, D.J. and Kappel, W.M., 2009, Water Resources and Natural Gas Production from the Marcellus Shale, U.S. Geological Survey USGS Fact Sheet, pp. 2009-3032.

[32] Stampfli, G.M. and Borel, G.D., 2002, “A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 196, pp. 17-33.

[33] Swistock, B., 2009, Water Quality Impacts from Natural Gas Drilling, PSU Earth Talks Series, State College, PA.

[34] Valko, P., 2009, “Assigning Value to Stimulation in the Barnett Shale: A Simultaneous Analysis of 7000 Plus Production Histories and Well Completion Records,” SPE paper 119369 presented at 2009 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A., January 19-21.

[35] Zelenev, A. and Ellena, L., 2009, “Microemulsion Technology for Improved Fluid Recovery and Enhanced Core Permeability to Gas,” SPE paper 122109 presented at 2009 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, May 27-29.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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