Estimation of CaO in High-Calcium Limestone Using Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance
Spectrum and Support Vector Machine Classification

doi:10.12972/ksmer.2016.53.2.101

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2016 Vol.53, Issue 2 Next Page

Research Paper

Estimation of CaO in High-Calcium Limestone Using Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrum and Support Vector Machine Classification 가시광/근적외선 분광반사 스펙트럼과 support vector machine분류를 이용한 고품위 석회암의 CaO 품위 평가: 오승찬·현창욱·박형동·임삼성
Sungchan Oh, Chang-Uk Hyun, Hyeong-Dong Park and Samsung Lim

30 April 2016. pp. 101-111

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Abstract

High-calcium limestone is a highly valuable geological material since it has been used as an industrialsource material for various applications. Therefore, maintenance of a sustainable ore reserves and developmentof cost-effective mining techniques are necessary. This study presents a CaO estimation technique usingvisible/near-infrared reflectance spectrum and support vector machine for rapid in-situ CaO analysis in limestonemining. The proposed method classifies rock samples based on the spectral properties of training datasets usingsupport vector machine and estimates the CaO content as average of CaO of classified results. The developedmethod was applied to limestone rocks collected from high-calcium limestone mines of Gabsan Formation inKorea. The data analysis results show that the success rate of reclassification is 59% and the root mean squareerror of estimation is 1.96%, hence it is concluded that the developed method is able to analyze the CaO contentin a limestone mine even if experienced mining geologists are unavailable.

Keywords

High-calcium limestone

CaO estimation

reflectance spectrum

SVM

고품위 석회암은 다양한 산업에서 활용되고 있는 고부가가치 자원으로 광체의 안정적인 확보, 채광기술의 효율적인 개선이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 석회암 광산 현장에서의 신속한 품위 측정 기술 개발을위하여 가시광/근적외선 영역의 스펙트럼을 이용한 CaO 품위 평가 기법을 개발하였다. 개발한 기법은 측정대상 암석을 support vector machine을 이용하여 스펙트럼이 가장 유사한 석회암으로 구분하고, 대상의 CaO품위를 분류된 석회암의 평균 품위로 평가한다. 제안한 기법을 갑산층 고품위 석회암 광산의 암석에 적용한결과 암석의 재분류 정확도는 59%, 품위의 평균 제곱근 오차는 1.96%로 나타났다. 개발된 기법은 광산에 대한경험이 풍부한 작업자가 없는 경우 석회암의 CaO 품위 추정에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

키워드

고품위 석회암

CaO 품위 평가

분광반사 스펙트럼

SVM

References

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Burges, C.J.C., 1998, “A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition,” Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 121-167.
Clark, R.N. and Roush, T.L., 1984, “Reflectance Spectroscopy: Quantitative Analysis Techniques for Remote Sensing Applications,” J. of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, No. B7, pp. 6329-6340.
Clark, R.N. and Swayze, G.A., 1995, “Mapping Minerals, Amorphous Materials, Environmental Materials, Vegetation, Water, Ice, and Snow, and Other Materials: The USGS Tricorder Algorithm,” Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, JPL Publication 95-1, pp. 39-40.
Efron, B., 1981, “Nonparametric Estimates of Standard Error: The Jackknife, The Bootstrap and Other Methods,” Biometrika, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 589-599.
Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R.J., 1993, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, p. 456.
Gallie, E.A., McArdle, S., Rivard, B. and Francis, H., 2010, “Estimating Sulphide Ore Grade in Broken Rock Using Visible/infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance Spectra,” Int. J. of remote sensing, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 2229-2246.
Goetz, A.F.H., Curtiss, B. and Shiley, D.A., 2009, “Rapid Gangue Mineral Concentration Measurement Over Conveyors by NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy,” Minerals Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 490-499.
Harrison, D.J., 1992, Limestone, British Geological Survey, pp. 38-40.
Hyun, C.U. and Park, H.D., 2010, “Weathering Degree Assessment of Tuff Stone Monument Using Reflectance Spectroscopy,” J. of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 515-529.
Jones, H.L., 1974, “Jackknife Estimation of Functions of Stratum Means,” Biometrika, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 343-348.
Kim, H.S., 2011, “Necessity of Refining Domestic Limestone,” J. of Korean Inst. of Resources Recycling, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 3-22.
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Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 2013, Technical report of development of quantitative assessment technology for long-term geological safety factors, KIGAM TR-12-6, pp. 1-39.
Korea Resources Corporation, 2003, The Detailed Geological Survey in the Danyang-Maepo Area, Korea Resources Corporation, pp. 13-33.
Korea Resources Corporation, Current Status of Resources, 2015.8.20., http://www.kmrgis.net/KMRGIS/condition/condition01_01.aspx.
Kruse, F.A., Lefkoff, A.B., Boardman, J.B., Heidebrecht, K.B., Shapiro, A.T., Barloon, P.J. and Goetz, A.F.H., 1993, “The Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS) - Interactive Visualization and Analysis of Imaging Spectrometer Data,” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 44, No. 2-3, pp. 145-163.
Magendran, T. and Sanjeevi, S., 2011, “Assessing the Grades of Iron Ores of Noamundi, India by Ground Based Hyperspectral Remote Sensing,” International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 7-16.
Murphy, R.J., Monteiro, S.T. and Schneider, S., 2012, “Evaluating Classification Techniques for Mapping Vertical Geology Using Field-Based Hyperspectral Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 3066-3080.
Noh, J.H., Oh, S.J. and Kim, K.J., 2004, “Applied-mineralogical Study on the Mineral Facies and Characteristics of Domestic High-Ca Limestone,” J. of Miner. Soc. Korea, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 339-355.
Park, S.I., Lee, H.K. and Lee, S.H., 2000, “Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Carbonate Rock Resources in Kangwon Area: The Gabsan Formation around the Mt. Gachang Area, Chungbuk, Korea,” J. Korean Earth Science Society, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 437-448.
Renz, A.N., 1999, Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences, Wiley, NY, pp. 19-28.
Simandl, G.J., Stone, R.S., Paradis, S., Fajber, R., Reid, H.M. and Grattan, K., 2014, “An Assessment of a Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Instrument for Use in Exploration and Development with an Emphasis on REEs and Related Specialty Metals,” Miner Deposita, Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 999-1012.
Turner, D, Rivard, B. and Groat, L., 2014, “Rare Earth Element Ore Grade Estimation of Mineralized Drill Core from Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy,” Proc. of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2014 IEEE International, Quebec City, QC, July 13-18, pp. 4612-4615.
Van der Meer, F., 1995, “Spectral Reflectance of Carbonate Mineral Mixtures and Bidirectional Reflectance Theory: Quantitative analysis techniques for application in remote sensing,” Remote Sensing Reviews, Vol. 13, No. 1-2, pp. 67-94.
Wheeler, B.D., 1999, “Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite by X-ray Fluorescence,” The Rigaku Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 16-25.
Zaini, N., Van der Meer, F. and Van der Weff, H., 2012, “Effect of Grain Size and Mineral Mixing on Carbonate Absorption Features in the SWIR and TIR Wavelength Regions,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 987-1003.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Journal Title(Ko) :한국자원공학회지
Volume : 53
No :2
Pages :101-111
DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2016.53.2.101

[1] Burger, M. and Repisky, J., 2012, “Problems of Linear Least Square Regression,” Proc. of the 1st Virtual International Conference on Advanced Research in Scientific Fields (ARSA-2012), International Virtual Conference, Dec 3-7, pp. 257-262.

[2] Burges, C.J.C., 1998, “A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition,” Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 121-167.

[3] Clark, R.N. and Roush, T.L., 1984, “Reflectance Spectroscopy: Quantitative Analysis Techniques for Remote Sensing Applications,” J. of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, No. B7, pp. 6329-6340.

[4] Clark, R.N. and Swayze, G.A., 1995, “Mapping Minerals, Amorphous Materials, Environmental Materials, Vegetation, Water, Ice, and Snow, and Other Materials: The USGS Tricorder Algorithm,” Summaries of the Fifth Annual JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, JPL Publication 95-1, pp. 39-40.

[5] Efron, B., 1981, “Nonparametric Estimates of Standard Error: The Jackknife, The Bootstrap and Other Methods,” Biometrika, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 589-599.

[6] Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R.J., 1993, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, p. 456.

[7] Gallie, E.A., McArdle, S., Rivard, B. and Francis, H., 2010, “Estimating Sulphide Ore Grade in Broken Rock Using Visible/infrared Hyperspectral Reflectance Spectra,” Int. J. of remote sensing, Vol. 23, No. 11, pp. 2229-2246.

[8] Goetz, A.F.H., Curtiss, B. and Shiley, D.A., 2009, “Rapid Gangue Mineral Concentration Measurement Over Conveyors by NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy,” Minerals Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 490-499.

[9] Harrison, D.J., 1992, Limestone, British Geological Survey, pp. 38-40.

[10] Hyun, C.U. and Park, H.D., 2010, “Weathering Degree Assessment of Tuff Stone Monument Using Reflectance Spectroscopy,” J. of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 515-529.

[11] Jones, H.L., 1974, “Jackknife Estimation of Functions of Stratum Means,” Biometrika, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 343-348.

[12] Kim, H.S., 2011, “Necessity of Refining Domestic Limestone,” J. of Korean Inst. of Resources Recycling, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 3-22.

[13] Kogel, J.E., Trivedi, N.C., Baker, J.M. and Krukowsk, S.T., 2006, Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 7th Ed., SME, Colorado, p. 565.

[14] Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 2013, Technical report of development of quantitative assessment technology for long-term geological safety factors, KIGAM TR-12-6, pp. 1-39.

[15] Korea Resources Corporation, 2003, The Detailed Geological Survey in the Danyang-Maepo Area, Korea Resources Corporation, pp. 13-33.

[16] Korea Resources Corporation, Current Status of Resources, 2015.8.20., http://www.kmrgis.net/KMRGIS/condition/condition01_01.aspx.

[17] Kruse, F.A., Lefkoff, A.B., Boardman, J.B., Heidebrecht, K.B., Shapiro, A.T., Barloon, P.J. and Goetz, A.F.H., 1993, “The Spectral Image Processing System (SIPS) - Interactive Visualization and Analysis of Imaging Spectrometer Data,” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 44, No. 2-3, pp. 145-163.

[18] Magendran, T. and Sanjeevi, S., 2011, “Assessing the Grades of Iron Ores of Noamundi, India by Ground Based Hyperspectral Remote Sensing,” International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 7-16.

[19] Murphy, R.J., Monteiro, S.T. and Schneider, S., 2012, “Evaluating Classification Techniques for Mapping Vertical Geology Using Field-Based Hyperspectral Sensors,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 3066-3080.

[20] Noh, J.H., Oh, S.J. and Kim, K.J., 2004, “Applied-mineralogical Study on the Mineral Facies and Characteristics of Domestic High-Ca Limestone,” J. of Miner. Soc. Korea, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 339-355.

[21] Park, S.I., Lee, H.K. and Lee, S.H., 2000, “Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Carbonate Rock Resources in Kangwon Area: The Gabsan Formation around the Mt. Gachang Area, Chungbuk, Korea,” J. Korean Earth Science Society, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 437-448.

[22] Renz, A.N., 1999, Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences, Wiley, NY, pp. 19-28.

[23] Simandl, G.J., Stone, R.S., Paradis, S., Fajber, R., Reid, H.M. and Grattan, K., 2014, “An Assessment of a Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Instrument for Use in Exploration and Development with an Emphasis on REEs and Related Specialty Metals,” Miner Deposita, Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 999-1012.

[24] Turner, D, Rivard, B. and Groat, L., 2014, “Rare Earth Element Ore Grade Estimation of Mineralized Drill Core from Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy,” Proc. of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2014 IEEE International, Quebec City, QC, July 13-18, pp. 4612-4615.

[25] Van der Meer, F., 1995, “Spectral Reflectance of Carbonate Mineral Mixtures and Bidirectional Reflectance Theory: Quantitative analysis techniques for application in remote sensing,” Remote Sensing Reviews, Vol. 13, No. 1-2, pp. 67-94.

[26] Wheeler, B.D., 1999, “Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite by X-ray Fluorescence,” The Rigaku Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 16-25.

[27] Zaini, N., Van der Meer, F. and Van der Weff, H., 2012, “Effect of Grain Size and Mineral Mixing on Carbonate Absorption Features in the SWIR and TIR Wavelength Regions,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 987-1003.

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