All Issue

2025 Vol.62, Issue 4 Preview Page

General Remarks

Geochemical Behavior of Rare Earth Elements and Their Use as Environmental Indicators

희토류 원소의 지구화학적 거동과 환경 지표로서의 활용

Hyeop-Jo Han1
,
Jong-Un Lee2
,
Sang-Woo Ji1
,
Dong-Wan Cho1
,
Gil-Jae Yim1*
한 협조1
,
이 종운2
,
지 상우1
,
조 동완1
,
임 길재1*
1Geo-Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea
2Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
1한국지질자원연구원 지구환경연구본부
2전남대학교 에너지자원공학과
*Corresponding Author
31 August 2025. pp. 492-506
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs) are increasingly being used in cutting-edge technologies, such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, and high-performance electronics, raising concerns over their environment accumulation and ecotoxicity. However, integrated reviews on their geochemical behavior and environmental occurrence remain limited. Geochemical proxies—including cerium (Ce) and europium (Eu) anomalies, light-to-heavy REE ratios (LREE/HREE), and normalized REE distribution patterns—offer potential as metrics for investigating source attribution, particularly for advanced industrial contamination where conventional heavy metal indicators are insufficient. Recently, the incorporation of REEs into positive matrix factorization models has emerged as a new strategy for precisely quantifying source contributions from both traditional and advanced industries. In this article, the geochemical behavior of REEs and their speciation in soils and sediments, fractionation via the sequential extraction method, and applicability as environmental indicators are systematically reviewed, thereby providing a reference framework for advancing REE-based environmental geochemical investigations.

Keywords
rare earth elements
geochemical behavior
sequential extraction method
environmental indicators

REEs는 산업적 수요 증가와 함께 환경 내 축적 및 독성 우려가 대두되고 있음에도 불구하고, 이들의 지구화학적 거동과 환경 내 존재형태에 대한 종합적 정리는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 특히 Ce 및 Eu의 이상, LREE/HREE 비, PAAS 및 Chondrite 정규화 패턴은 오염원 기원과 환경 조건 해석에 유용하며, 기존 중금속 지표만으로는 파악하기 어려운 첨단 산업 오염원을 탐지할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다. 최근에는 오염원의 기여율을 보다 명확히 정량화하기 위하여 REEs를 PMF 모델에 통합하려는 시도가 이루어지고 있으며, 이는 전통 산업과 첨단 산업에서 기인한 복합 오염원을 정밀하게 해석할 수 있는 새로운 도구로 주목받고 있다. 이에 본 총설에서는 REEs의 지구화학적 거동, 토양 및 퇴적물 내 존재형태, 연속추출을 통한 분획 특성, 환경 지표로서의 응용 가능성을 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 REEs의 환경지구화학적 활용에 대한 기초 이론과 응용 사례를 정리하고, 관련 연구 기반이 부족한 국내 현황에 기여함과 동시에 향후 다양한 분야에서 REEs의 환경 응용 확대를 위한 지식 기반을 제공하고자 하였다.

키워드
희토류 원소
지구화학적 거동
연속추출
환경 지표
References
1

Abou El-Anwar, E.A., 2025. Geochemical evaluation of the rare earth and trace elements in the Upper Eocene carbonate of Abu Rimth Formation, Southern Galala Plateau, Eastern Desert, Egypt, Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science, 5, p.1-11.

10.1007/s43994-025-00228-3
2

Ahn, J.S., Park, Y.S., Kim, J.Y., and Kim, K.Y., 2005. Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of arsenic in an abandoned mine tailings of Korea, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27, p.147-157.

10.1007/s10653-005-0121-8
3

Al-Abed, S.R., Jegadeesan, G., Purandare, J., and Allen, D., 2007. Arsenic release from iron rich mineral processing waste: influence of pH and redox potential, Chemosphere, 66, p.775-782.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.045
4

Ali, J., Tuzen, M., Shaikh, Q., Jatoi, W.B., Feng, X., Sun, G., and Saleh, T.A., 2024. A review of sequential extraction methods for fractionation analysis of toxic metals in solid environmental matrices, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 173, 117639.

10.1016/j.trac.2024.117639
5

Amiel, N., Dror, I., and Berkowitz, B., 2022. Mobility and retention of rare earth elements in porous media, ACS Omega, 7(23), p.19491-19501.

10.1021/acsomega.2c0118035722013PMC9202298
6

Amiel, N., Dror, I., and Berkowitz, B., 2024. Mobility of rare earth elements in coastal aquifer materials under fresh and brackish water conditions, ACS Environmental Au, 4(4), p.186-195.

10.1021/acsenvironau.4c0000139035866PMC11258752
7

Balaram, V., 2019. Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact, Geoscience Frontiers, 10(4), p.1285-1303.

10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005
8

Bauer, S., Yang, J., Stuckman, M., and Verba, C., 2022. Rare earth element (REE) and critical mineral fractions of central appalachian coal-related strata determined by 7-Step sequential extraction, Minerals, 12(11), 1350.

10.3390/min12111350
9

Cao, C., Liu, X.M., and Chen, J., 2022a. Cerium anomaly as a tracer for paleo-oceanic redox conditions: A thermodynamics-based Ce oxidation modeling approach, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, 927826.

10.3389/feart.2022.927826
10

Cao, Y.W., Liu, X.M., Wang, C., Bai, E., and Wu, N., 2022b. Rare earth element geochemistry in soils along arid and semiarid grasslands in northern China, Ecological Processes, 11, 29.

10.1186/s13717-022-00375-z
11

Cao, X., Wang, X., and Zhao, G., 2000. Assessment of the bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils by chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis, Chemosphere, 40(1), p.23-28,

10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00225-8
12

Charalampides, G., Vatalis, K.I., Apostoplos, B., and Ploutarch- Nikolas, B., 2015. Rare earth elements: industrial applications and economic dependency of Europe, Procedia Economics and Finance, 24, p.126-135.

10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00630-9
13

Chen, M., Chen, J., Wang, H., Lu, X., Luo, X., and Wang, M., 2023. Bioaccumulation of selenium, heavy metals and rare earth elements with different rice cultivars grown on seleniferous soils in Lianchen county, Fujian province, China, Environments, 10(7), 114.

10.3390/environments10070114
14

Davranche, M., Grybos, M., Gruau, G., Pédrot, M., Dia, A., and Marsac, R., 2011. Rare earth element patterns: A tool for identifying trace metal sources during wetland soil reduction, Chemical Geology, 284(1-2), p.127-137.

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.02.014
15

Dostal, J., 2017. Rare earth element deposits of alkaline igneous rocks, Resources, 6(3), 34.

10.3390/resources6030034
16

Fang, X., Peng, B., Guo, X., Wu, S., Xie, S., Wu, J., Yang, X., Chen, H., and Dai, Y., 2023. Distribution, source and contamination of rare earth elements in sediments from lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, China, Environmental Pollution, 336, 122384.

10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122384
17

Forsyth, K., Dia, A., Marques, R., Prudêncio, M.I., Obregón-Castro, C., Diamantino, C., Carvalho, E., Pattier, M., Davranche, M., and Pédrot, M., 2025. Relationship between the distribution of rare earth elements in soil pools with plant uptake: a sequential extraction study, Plant and Soil, 512, p.1137-1152.

10.1007/s11104-024-07135-2
18

Goodenough, K.M., Schilling, J., Jonsson, E., Kalvig, P., Charles, N., Tuduri, J., Deady, E.A., Sadeghi, M., Schiellerup, H., Müller, A., Bertrand, G., Arvanitidis, N., Eliopoulos, D.G., Shaw, R.A., Thrane, K., and Keulen, N., 2016. Europe's rare earth element resource potential: An overview of REE metallogenetic provinces and their geodynamic setting, Ore Geology Reviews, 72(1), p.838-856.

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.019
19

Gourlaouen, C. and Piquemal, J.-P., 2022. On the quantum chemical nature of lead(II) “Lone Pair”, Molecules, 27(1), 27.

10.3390/molecules2701002735011259PMC8746439
20

Gupta, C.K. and Krishnamurthy, N., 2005. Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

10.1201/9780203413029
21

Han, H.J., Kim, J.Y., Lee, B.T., Kim, K.W., Kim, Y.S., and Lee, J.S., 2013. Comparative study on the characteristics of two sequential extraction methods for arsenic fractionations in the soil, Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 50(1), p.35-43.

10.12972/ksmer.2013.50.1.035
22

Hatje, V., Schijf, J., Johannesson, K.H., Andrade, R., Caetano, M., Brito, P., Haley, B.A., Lagarde, M., and Jeandel, C., 2024. The global biogeochemical cycle of the rare earth elements, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 38(6), e2024GB008125.

10.1029/2024GB008125
23

Hermassi, M., Granados, M., Valderrama, C., Ayora, C., and Cortina, J.L., 2022. Recovery of rare earth elements from acidic mine waters: An unknown secondary resource, Science of The Total Environment, 810, 152258.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152258
24

IUPAC, 2019. Compendium of Chemical Terminology (“Gold Book”), Online version, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, https://goldbook.iupac.org

25

Javed, M.B., Kachanoski, G., and Siddique, T., 2013. A modified sequential extraction method for arsenic fractionation in sediments, Analytica Chimica Acta, 787, p.102-110.

10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.050
26

Jegadeesan, G., Al-Abed, S.R., and Pinto, P., 2008. Influence of trace metal distribution on its leachability from coal fly ash, Fuel, 87, p.1887-1893.

10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.007
27

Jha, M.K., Kumari, A., Panda, R., Kumar, J.R., Yoo, K., and Lee, J.Y., 2016. Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals, Hydrometallurgy, 165(1), p.2-26.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.01.035
28

Jordens, A., Cheng, Y.P., and Waters, K.E., 2013. A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals, Minerals Engineering, 41, p.97-114.

10.1016/j.mineng.2012.10.017
29

Katsanou, K., Siavalas, G., Panagopoulos, G., and Lambrakis, N., 2022. Rare earth element patterns in a rapidly changing karst environment, Applied Geochemistry, 146, 105462.

10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105462
30

Keon, N.E., Swartz, C.H., Brabander, D.J., Harvey, C., and Hemond, H.F., 2001. Validation of an arsenic sequential extraction method for evaluating mobility in sediments, Environmental Science & Technology, 35(13), p.2778-2784.

10.1021/es001511o
31

Krężel, A. and Maret, W., 2016. The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 611, p.3-19.

10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.01027117234PMC5120989
32

Kumar, M., Goswami, R., Awasthi, N., and Das, R., 2019. Provenance and fate of trace and rare earth elements in the sediment-aquifers systems of Majuli River Island, India. Chemosphere, 237, 124477.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124477
33

Lachaux, N., Catrouillet, C., Marsac, R., Poirier, L., Pain-Devin, S., Gross, E.M., Giamberini, L., 2022. Implications of speciation on rare earth element toxicity: a focus on organic matter influence in Daphnia magna standard test, Environmental Pollution, 307, 119554.

10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119554
34

Li, J., Zhao, Y., Yu, D., and Zhan, C., 2025. Recent advances in d-f transition lanthanide complexes for organic light-emitting diodes: insights into structure-luminescence relationships, Laser & Photonics Reviews, 19(13), 2402198.

10.1002/lpor.202402198
35

Lin, R., Stuckman, M., Howard, B.H., Bank, T.L., Roth, E.A., Macala, M.K., Lopano, C., Soong, Y., and Granite, E.J., 2018. Application of sequential extraction and hydrothermal treatment for characterization and enrichment of rare earth elements from coal fly ash, Fuel, 232, p.124-133.

10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.141
36

Liu, H., Pourret, O., Guo, H., Martinez, R.E., and Zouhri, L., 2018. Impact of hydrous manganese and ferric oxides on the behavior of aqueous rare earth elements (REE): Evidence from a modeling approach and implication for the sink of REE, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2837.

10.3390/ijerph1512283730545162PMC6313485
37

Liu, P., Huang, R., and Tang, Y., 2019a. Comprehensive understandings of rare earth element (REE) speciation in coal fly ashes and implication for REE extractability, Environmental Science & Technology, 53(9), p.5369-5377.

10.1021/acs.est.9b00005
38

Liu, X.M., Hardisty, D.S., Lyons, T.W., and Swart, P.K., 2019b. Evaluating the fidelity of the cerium paleoredox tracer during variable carbonate diagenesis on the Great Bahamas Bank, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 248, p.25-42.

10.1016/j.gca.2018.12.028
39

Liu, X.M., Kah, L.C., Knoll, A.H., Cui, H., Wang, C., Bekker, A., and Hazen, R.M., 2021. A persistently low level of atmospheric oxygen in Earth’s middle age, Nature Communications, 12, 351.

10.1038/s41467-020-20484-733441548PMC7806885
40

Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Jia, H., Wang, Z., Gao, S., and Zeng, J., 2022. Anthropogenic rare earth elements in urban lakes: Their spatial distributions and tracing application, Chemosphere, 300, 134534.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134534
41

Ma, L. and Wang, W.X., 2023. Dissolved rare earth elements in the Pearl River Delta: Using Gd as a tracer of anthropogenic activity from river towards the sea, Science of The Total Environment, 856, 159241.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159241
42

Ma, S. and Han, G., 2024. Rare earth elements reveal the human health and environmental concerns in the largest tributary of the Mekong river, Northeastern Thailand, Environmental Research, 252(3), 118968.

10.1016/j.envres.2024.118968
43

Martina, A., Ferroni, L., and Marrocchino, E., 2025. The soil-plant continuity of rare earth elements: Insights into an enigmatic class of xenobiotics and their interactions with plant structures and processes, Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(2), 46.

10.3390/jox1502004640126264PMC11932217
44

Mihajlovic, J. and Rinklebe, J., 2018. Rare earth elements in German soils - A review, Chemosphere, 205, p.514-523.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.059
45

Mihajlovic, J., Giani, L., Stärk, H.J., and Rinklebe, J., 2014. Concentrations and geochemical fractions of rare earth elements in two different marsh soil profiles at the North Sea, Germany, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 14, p.1417-1433.

10.1007/s11368-014-0895-3
46

Mihajlovic, J., Stärk, H.J., and Rinklebe, J., 2017. Rare earth elements and their release dynamics under pre-definite redox conditions in a floodplain soil, Chemosphere, 181, p.313-319.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.036
47

Mirica, L.M., Ottenwaelder, X., and Stack, T.D.P., 2004. Structure and spectroscopy of copper−dioxygen complexes, Chemical Reviews, 104(2), p.1013-1046.

10.1021/cr020632z
48

Mittermüller, M., Saatz, J., and Daus, B., 2016. A sequential extraction procedure to evaluate the mobilization behavior of rare earth elements in soils and tailings materials, Chemosphere, 147, p.155-162.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.101
49

Nagasawa, M., Shimizu, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Tokunag, K., Mukai, H., Aoyagi, N., Mei, H., and Takahashi, Y., 2024. Interpretation of vertical migration and enrichment processes of rare earth elements (REEs) in ion-adsorption-type mineralization in Japan based on REE speciation analyses, Chemical Geology, 670, 122431.

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122431
50

Naumov, A.V., 2008. Review of the world market of rare-earth metals, Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 49, p.14-22.

10.1007/s11981-008-1004-6
51

Novikov, A.P., Kalmykov, S.N., Kuzovkina, E.V., Myasoedov, B.F., Fujiwara, K., and Fujiwara, A., 2009. Evolution of actinide partitioning with colloidal matter collected at PA “Mayak” site as studied by sequential extraction, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 280(3), p.629-634.

10.1007/s10967-008-7397-y
52

Park, S., Kim, M., Lim, Y., Yu, J., Chen, S., Woo, S.W., Yoon, S., Bae, S., and Kim, H., 2021. Characterization of rare earth elements present in coal ash by sequential extraction, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402, 123760.

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123760
53

Parker, D., Dickins, R.S., Puschmann, H., Crossland, C., and Howard, J.A.K., 2002. Being excited by lanthanide coordination complexes: aqua species, chirality, excited-state chemistry, and exchange dynamics, Chemical Reviews, 102(6), p.1977-2010.

10.1021/cr010452+
54

Parker, D., Suturina, E.A., Kuprov, I., and Chilton, N.F., 2020. How the ligand field in lanthanide coordination complexes determines magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, paramagnetic NMR shift, and relaxation behavior, Accounts of Chemical Research, 53(8), p.1520-1534.

10.1021/acs.accounts.0c0027532667187PMC7467575
55

Pipe, A.B., Leybourne, M.I., Johannesson, K.H., Hannigan, R.E., and Layton-Matthews, D., 2025. Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of black shales from the Upper Ordovician Utica Shale magnafacies, Chemical Geology, 672, 122507.

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.122507
56

Pourmand, A., Dauphas, N., and Ireland, T.J., 2012. A novel extraction chromatography and MC-ICP-MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: Revising CI chondrite and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundances, Chemical Geology, 291, p.38-54.

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.011
57

Pourret, O. and Davranche, M., 2013. Rare earth element sorption onto hydrous manganese oxide: A modeling study, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 395, p.18-23.

10.1016/j.jcis.2012.11.054
58

Rabha, S., Subramanyam, K.S.V., Sawant, S.S., and Saikia, B.K., 2022. Rare-Earth Elements and Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in an Urban Area, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 6(7), p.1725-1732.

10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00009
59

Rasool, M. H., Ridha, S., Ahmad, M., Shamsuddun, R.A.B., Zahoor, M.K., and Khan, A., 2025. A mineralogical perspective on rare earth elements (REEs) extraction from drill cuttings: A Review, Minerals, 15(5), 533.

10.3390/min15050533
60

Rauret, G., López-Sánchez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson, C., Ure, A., and Quevauviller, P., 1999. Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 1, p.57-61.

10.1039/a807854h
61

Ribeiro, P.G., de Oliveira, C., Guerra, M.B.B., de Carvalho, T.S., Martins, G.C., da Silveira Pereira, W.V., Ramos, S.J., and Guilherme, L.R.G., 2024. Rare earths as emerging trace element contaminants in the soil, Current Pollution Reports, 10, p.443-458.

10.1007/s40726-024-00312-y
62

Sanematsu, K., Moriyama, T., Sotouky, L., and Watanabe, Y., 2011. Mobility of rare earth elements in basalt-derived laterite at the bolaven plateau, southern Laos, Resources Geology, 61(2), p.140-158.

10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00155.x
63

Shen, Y.W., Zhao, C.X., Zhao, H., Dong, S.F., Guo, Q., Xie, J.J., Lv, ML., Yuan, C.G., 2024. Insight study of rare earth elements in PM2.5 during five years in a Chinese inland city: Composition variations, sources, and exposure assessment, Journal of Environmental Science, 138, p.439-449.

10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.015
64

Sočo, E. and Kalembkiewicz, J., 2007a. Investigations of chemical fraction of Co and Ni in industrial fly ash and mobility of metals in environmental conditions, Chemosphere, 67, p.359-364.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.077
65

Sočo, E. and Kalembkiewicz, J., 2007b. Investigations of sequential leaching behaviour of Cu and Zn from coal fly ash and their mobility in environmental conditions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 145, p.482-487.

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.046
66

Suli, L.M., Ibrahim, W.H.W., Aziz, B.A., Deraman, M.R., and Ismail, N.A., 2017. A review of rare earth mineral processing technology, Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin, 19, p.20-35.

10.3329/cerb.v19i0.33773
67

Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1985. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, UK

68

Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C., and Bisson, M., 1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), p.844-851.

10.1021/ac50043a017
69

Vural, A., 2020. Investigation of the relationship between rare earth elements, trace elements, and major oxides in soil geochemistry, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 124.

10.1007/s10661-020-8069-9
70

Wakita, H., Rey, P., and Schmitt, R.A., 1971. Abundances of the 14 Rare Earth Elements and 12 Other Elements in Apollo 12 Samples, Proceedings of the Second Lunar Science Conference, 2, p.1319-1329.

71

Wang, S., Wang, Z., Gao, S., Zhang, X., Zeng, J., Wu, Q., 2024a. Rare earth elements in lake sediments record historic environmental influences from anthropogenic activities, Ecological Indicators, 159, 111680.

10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111680
72

Wang, X., Li, B., Zhu, M., Tang, J., Liu, G., Wang, J., Wang, Y., and Hu, J., 2024b. Geochemical behavior of rare earth elements in mining-affected waters, southwest China, Science of the Total Environment, 957, 177747.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177747
73

Wang, Y., Noble, A., Vass, C., and Ziemkiewicz, P., 2021. Speciation of rare earth elements in acid mine drainage precipitates by sequential extraction, Minerals Engineering, 168, 106827.

10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106827
74

Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, p.1217-1232.

10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2
75

Wen, Y., Liu, P., Wang, Q., Zhao, S., and Tang, Y., 2024. Organic ligand-mediated dissolution and fractionation of rare-earth elements (REEs) from carbonate and phosphate minerals, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 8(5), p.1048-1061.

10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c0000938774356PMC11103772
76

Wenzel, W.W., Kirchbaumer, N., Prohaska, T., Stingeder, G., Lombi, E., and Adriano, D.C., 2001. Arsenic fractionation in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure, Analytica Chimica Acta, 436(2), p.309-323.

10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00924-2
77

Wu, C.Y., Chu, M.F., Huang, K.F., and Hseu, Z.Y., 2022. Rare earth elements associated with pedogenic iron oxides in humid and tropical soils from different parent materials, Geoderma, 423, 115966.

10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115966
78

Wu, D., Yang, S., Li, F., Zhu, T., and Chen, H., 2020. Online sequential fractionation analysis of arsenic adsorbed onto ferrihydrite by ICP-MS, Analytical Chemistry, 92(1), p.14309-14313.

10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03516
79

Yanfei, X., Li, H., Zhiqi, L., Feng, Z., and Wang, L., 2016. Adsorption ability of rare earth elements on clay minerals and its practical performance, Journal of Rare Earths, 34(5), p.543-548.

10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60060-1
80

Yun, J., Yang, Q., Zhao, C., Chen, C., and Liu, G., 2024. Atmospheric emissions of fine particle matter bound rare earth elements from industry, Nature Communications, 15, 9338.

10.1038/s41467-024-53684-639472427PMC11522377
81

Zhang, K. and Shields, G.A., 2023. Early diagenetic mobilization of rare earth elements and implications for the Ce anomaly as a redox proxy, Chemical Geology, 635, 121619.

10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121619
82

Zhang, Y., Su, B., Shao, S., Li, N. Jiao, H., Dan, Y., Zhang, H., and Gao, C. 2023. Geochemical behavior and source analysis of rare earth elements in intensive agriculture soils through high-resolution sampling, Science of the Total Environment, 905, 167777.

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167777
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국자원공학회지
  • Volume : 62
  • No :4
  • Pages :492-506
  • Received Date : 2025-07-28
  • Revised Date : 2025-08-25
  • Accepted Date : 2025-08-25
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2025.62.4.492
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close