A Review and Analysis on Constructing Electrical Resistivity Models for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Based on the Characteristics of Shale Distribution

doi:10.12972/ksmer.2014.51.1.97

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2014 Vol.51, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

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A Review and Analysis on Constructing Electrical Resistivity Models for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Based on the Characteristics of Shale Distribution 셰일 특성에 따른 탄화수소 저류층 전기비저항 모델 구성법 분석: 박찬호·천세욱·구본진·남명진
Chanho Park, Seiwook Cheon, Bonjin Ku and Myung Jin Nam

28 February 2014. pp. 97-115

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Abstract

In evaluating hydrocarbon saturation of reservoir, taking consideration of not only the amount of shale but also its distribution is very important. Since Archie’s equation, which is the most widely used equation for the evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs, is originally developed for electrically isotropic clean sandstones. Thus, employing Archie’s equation produces errors when evaluating shale-contained sandstone reservoirs: distributed shale or laminated sand-shale. For sand-shale lamination, generating macroscopic electrical anisotropy, consideration on the anisotropy is important to reduce possible errors in hydrocarbon-saturation evaluation. When the resistivity of shale layer has a microscopic anisotropy, more errors are produced if Archie’s equation is employed. In this paper, we review and analyze methods of constructing electrical resistivity models for hydrocarbon reservoirs to classify them according to characteristics of shale distribution. Further, this paper reviews case histories to analysis the importance of considering electrical anisotropy in evaluating hydrocarbon saturation.

Keywords

전기비저항

탄화수소 포화도

셰일

전기적 이방성

저류층의 탄화수소 포화도를 평가함에 있어서 저류층 사암 내 셰일의 분포 유형뿐만 아니라 셰일의 양에 따라 전기비저항이 달라지므로 이에 상응하는 전기비저항을 계산해야 한다. 전기적으로 등방성 균질 사암 저류층의 경우 Archie식에 기초하여 정확히 계산할 수 있지만, 저류층 내에 셰일이 존재하는 경우 셰일의 영향을 고려하는 것은 가히 필수적이다. 특히, 전기적 이방성을 보이는 사암-셰일 박리층과 그리고 셰일층에 미시적 이방성이 존재하는 경우 이에 관한 셰일의 영향을 고려하여야 오차를 상당히 줄일 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 전기비저항 모델을 전기적으로는 등방성과 이방성 모델, 지질학적으로는 순수 사암과 셰일질 사암으로 구분하여 셰일의 분포 유형에 따라 모델을 분류하여 설명한다. 이러한 모델들에 기초하여, 분산-셰일질 사암과 사암-셰일 박리층에 대한 전기적 등방성과 이방성 모델을 구성하고 비교 분석하여 이해를 돕고자 하였다. 이러한 이해에 기초하여 실제 탄화수소 저류층 자료의 해석 예를 분석한다.

키워드

Electrical resistivity

Hydrocarbon saturation

Shale

Anisotropy

References

Al-fosail, K.A. and Al-kaabi, A.U., 1997, “Water Saturation in Shaly Formation,” SPE paper 37746, presented at Middle East Oil Show, Bahrain.
Anderson, B., Bryant, I., Lüling, M., Spies, B. and Helbig, K., 1994, “OilfieldAnisotropy: Its Origins and Electrical Characteristics,” SchlumbergerOilfield Review, pp. 48-56.
Archie, G.E., 1942, “The Electrical Resistivity Log as and Aid in Determining some Reservoir Characteristics,” Trans. AIME, Vol. 146, pp. 54-62.
Bardon, C. and Pied, B., 1969, “Formation water saturation in shaly sands,” Society of Professional WellLog Analysts 10^th Annual Logging Symposium Transactions, Paper Z, p. 19.
Best, D.L., Gardner, J.S. and Dumanoir, J.L., 1978, “A Computer-Processed Wellsite Log Computation,” Proc. 19^th SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, June, paper R.
Blatt, H., 1982, “Sedimentary Petrology,” W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, p. 564.
Clavier, C., Coates, G. and Dumanoir, J., 1984, “Theoretical and Experimental Bases for the Dual-Water Model for Interpretation of Shaly Sands,” SPE Journal, Vol. 24, No.2, pp. 153-168.
Dalkhaa, C., 2005, “Study of Modeling of Water Saturation in Archie and Non-Archie Porous Media,” Middle East Technical University, MS Thesis, Turkey.
De Witte, L., 1950, “Relations Between Resistivities and Fluid Contents of Porous Rocks,” Oil and Gas Journal, August 24, pp. 120-132.
Doll, C.G., 1976, “Deep drill hole probe for hydrocarbons in northwestern Vermont,” A proposal to energy research and development, Unpublished report, p. 17.
Ellis, M.H., Sinha, M.C., Minshull, T.A., Sothcott, J. and Best, A., 2010, “Ananisotropic model for the electrical resistivity of two-phase geologicmaterials,” Geophysics, 75, No. 6, E161, doi: 10.1190/1.3483875.
Fertl, W.H. and Hammack, G.W., 1971, “A Comparative Look at Water Saturation Computations in Shaly Pay Sands,” 12^th SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, paper R, May, pp. 2-5.
Hagiwara, T., 1997, “Macroscopic anisotropy approach to analysis of thinly laminated sand/shale sequences: sensitivity analysis of sand resistivity estimate and environmental corrections,” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 5-8, Paper SPE 38669.
Hill, H.J. and Milburn, J.D., 1956, “Effect of Clay and Water Salinity on Electrochemical Behavior of Reservoir Rocks,” Trans. AIME, Vol. 207, pp. 65-72.
Hossin, A., 1960, “Calcul des saturations en eau par la method du ciment argileaux (formule d’Archie generalisee),” Bull. Assoc. Francaise Tech. Pet. 140, March 31.
Husten, P.F. and Anton, H., 1981, “The porosity surface concept,” Erdoel-Erdgas Zeitschrift, Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 218-220.
Johnson, D.E. and Pile, K.E., 2002, “Well Logging in Nontechnical Language,” 2^nd Edition, Pennwell Corp, USA, Tulsa, pp. 42.
Juhasz, I., 1981, “Normalized Qv-The Key to Shaly Sand Evaluation using the Waxman-Smits Equation in the Absence of Core Data,” SPWLA 22^nd Annual Logging Symposium, June 23-26.
Klein, C., 1993, “Manual of Mineralogy,” 21^stEdition: Wiley, New York, p. 681.
Klein, J.D., 1996, “Saturation effects on electrical anisotropy,” The Log Analyst, Jan-Feb, pp. 47-49.
Klein, J.D., Martin, P.R. and Allen, D.F., 1997, “The petrophysics of electrically anisotropic reservoirs,” The Log Analyst, May-June.
Kotchoian, V., 1995, “Shaly Sand Interpretation,” Basic Log Interpretation Seminar, Cairo, 10-12 April, p. 11.
Kurniawan, 2005, “Shaly Sand Interpretation Using CEC- Dependent Petrophysical Parameters,” Ph. D. Thesis, Louisiana State University, USA.
Lee, M.W. and Collet, T.S., 2006, “A method of shaly sand correction for estimating gas hydrate saturations using downhole electrical resistivity log data,” U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5121.
Mollison, R.A., Fanini, O.N., Kriegshäuser, B.F., Yu, L., Popta, J. and Ugueto, G., 2001, “Impact of multicomponent induction technology on a deepwater turbidite sand hydrocarbon saturation evaluation,” SPWLA 42^nd Annual Logging Symposium, Canton, Ohio, USA, October 17-19.
Moran, J.H. and Gianzero, S., 1979, “Effects of formation anisotropy on resistivity-logging measurements,” Geophysics, Vol. 44, pp. 1266-1286.
Patchett, J.G. and Herrick, D.C., 1982, “A Review of Saturation Models in Shaly Sand,” Soc. of Professional Well log Analysts, Reprint Vol., Houston, Texas, pp. III 1-III 7.
Poupon, A., Loy, M.E. and Tixier, M.P., 1954, “A Contribution to Electrical Log Interpretation in Shaly Sands,” Transaction of AIME, Vol. 201, pp. 138-145.
Poupon, A. and Leveaux, J., 1971, “Evaluation of Water Saturations in Shaly Formation,” The Log Analyst, July-August, pp. 3-8.
Raiga-Clemenceau, J., Martin, J.P. and Nicoletis, S., 1988, “The concept of acoustic formation factor for more accurate porosity determination from sonic transit time data,” Log Analyst, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 54-60.
Schlumberger, 1972, Log Interpretation, Volume 1– Principles: Schlumberger Ltd., New York, p. 113.
Serra, O., 1984, “Fundamentals of well-log interpretation: The acquisition of logging data,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York.
Simandoux, P., 1963, “Dielectric Measurements on Porous Media: Application to Measurement of Water Saturation: Study of the Behavior of Argillacious Formation,” SPWLA, Houston, pp. iv 97-124.
Tabanou, J.R., Anderson, B., Bruce, S., Bornemann, T., Hodenfield, K. and Wu, P., 1999, “Which Resistivity should Be Used to Evaluate Thinly Bedded Reservoirs in High-Angle Wells?,” SPWLA 40^th Annual Logging Symposium, May 30-June 3 1999, paper E.
Tabarovsky, L.A. and Epov, M.I., 1979, “Geometric and Frequency Focusing for Investigation of Anisotropic Layers in Electromagnetic Well Logging,” Nauka, Siberian Division, Academy of Science, USSR, Novosibirsk.
Waxman, M.H. and Smits, L.J.M., 1968, “Electrical Conductivities in Oil Bearing Shaly Sands,” SPE Journal 8, pp. 107-122.
Worthington, P.F., 1985, “The Evolution of shaly-sand concepts in reservoir evaluation,” LogAnalyst Jan-Feb, pp. 23-40.
Winsauer, W.O., Shearin, H.M., Jr., Masson, P.H. and Williams, M., 1952, “Resistivity of brine-saturated sands in relation to pore geometry,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 253-277.
Woodhouse, R., 1976, “Athabaska Tar Sand Reservoir Properties Derived from Cores and Logs,” Transaction SPWLA 17^th Annual Logging Symposium, pp. 1-13.
Yin, Y. and Kurniawan, B., 2008, “Resistivity Anisotropy Models and Multi-Component Induction Measurements: Impact on Sw andUncertainty of PPV Estimation,” 2008 SPWLA Annual Symposium, Paper LLLL.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Journal Title(Ko) :한국자원공학회지
Volume : 51
No :1
Pages :97-115
DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2014.51.1.97

[1] Al-fosail, K.A. and Al-kaabi, A.U., 1997, “Water Saturation in Shaly Formation,” SPE paper 37746, presented at Middle East Oil Show, Bahrain.

[2] Anderson, B., Bryant, I., Lüling, M., Spies, B. and Helbig, K., 1994, “OilfieldAnisotropy: Its Origins and Electrical Characteristics,” SchlumbergerOilfield Review, pp. 48-56.

[3] Archie, G.E., 1942, “The Electrical Resistivity Log as and Aid in Determining some Reservoir Characteristics,” Trans. AIME, Vol. 146, pp. 54-62.

[4] Bardon, C. and Pied, B., 1969, “Formation water saturation in shaly sands,” Society of Professional WellLog Analysts 10^th Annual Logging Symposium Transactions, Paper Z, p. 19.

[5] Best, D.L., Gardner, J.S. and Dumanoir, J.L., 1978, “A Computer-Processed Wellsite Log Computation,” Proc. 19^th SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, June, paper R.

[6] Blatt, H., 1982, “Sedimentary Petrology,” W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, p. 564.

[7] Clavier, C., Coates, G. and Dumanoir, J., 1984, “Theoretical and Experimental Bases for the Dual-Water Model for Interpretation of Shaly Sands,” SPE Journal, Vol. 24, No.2, pp. 153-168.

[8] Dalkhaa, C., 2005, “Study of Modeling of Water Saturation in Archie and Non-Archie Porous Media,” Middle East Technical University, MS Thesis, Turkey.

[9] De Witte, L., 1950, “Relations Between Resistivities and Fluid Contents of Porous Rocks,” Oil and Gas Journal, August 24, pp. 120-132.

[10] Doll, C.G., 1976, “Deep drill hole probe for hydrocarbons in northwestern Vermont,” A proposal to energy research and development, Unpublished report, p. 17.

[11] Ellis, M.H., Sinha, M.C., Minshull, T.A., Sothcott, J. and Best, A., 2010, “Ananisotropic model for the electrical resistivity of two-phase geologicmaterials,” Geophysics, 75, No. 6, E161, doi: 10.1190/1.3483875.

[12] Fertl, W.H. and Hammack, G.W., 1971, “A Comparative Look at Water Saturation Computations in Shaly Pay Sands,” 12^th SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, paper R, May, pp. 2-5.

[13] Hagiwara, T., 1997, “Macroscopic anisotropy approach to analysis of thinly laminated sand/shale sequences: sensitivity analysis of sand resistivity estimate and environmental corrections,” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 5-8, Paper SPE 38669.

[14] Hill, H.J. and Milburn, J.D., 1956, “Effect of Clay and Water Salinity on Electrochemical Behavior of Reservoir Rocks,” Trans. AIME, Vol. 207, pp. 65-72.

[15] Hossin, A., 1960, “Calcul des saturations en eau par la method du ciment argileaux (formule d’Archie generalisee),” Bull. Assoc. Francaise Tech. Pet. 140, March 31.

[16] Husten, P.F. and Anton, H., 1981, “The porosity surface concept,” Erdoel-Erdgas Zeitschrift, Vol. 97, No. 6, pp. 218-220.

[17] Johnson, D.E. and Pile, K.E., 2002, “Well Logging in Nontechnical Language,” 2^nd Edition, Pennwell Corp, USA, Tulsa, pp. 42.

[18] Juhasz, I., 1981, “Normalized Qv-The Key to Shaly Sand Evaluation using the Waxman-Smits Equation in the Absence of Core Data,” SPWLA 22^nd Annual Logging Symposium, June 23-26.

[19] Klein, C., 1993, “Manual of Mineralogy,” 21^stEdition: Wiley, New York, p. 681.

[20] Klein, J.D., 1996, “Saturation effects on electrical anisotropy,” The Log Analyst, Jan-Feb, pp. 47-49.

[21] Klein, J.D., Martin, P.R. and Allen, D.F., 1997, “The petrophysics of electrically anisotropic reservoirs,” The Log Analyst, May-June.

[22] Kotchoian, V., 1995, “Shaly Sand Interpretation,” Basic Log Interpretation Seminar, Cairo, 10-12 April, p. 11.

[23] Kurniawan, 2005, “Shaly Sand Interpretation Using CEC- Dependent Petrophysical Parameters,” Ph. D. Thesis, Louisiana State University, USA.

[24] Lee, M.W. and Collet, T.S., 2006, “A method of shaly sand correction for estimating gas hydrate saturations using downhole electrical resistivity log data,” U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5121.

[25] Mollison, R.A., Fanini, O.N., Kriegshäuser, B.F., Yu, L., Popta, J. and Ugueto, G., 2001, “Impact of multicomponent induction technology on a deepwater turbidite sand hydrocarbon saturation evaluation,” SPWLA 42^nd Annual Logging Symposium, Canton, Ohio, USA, October 17-19.

[26] Moran, J.H. and Gianzero, S., 1979, “Effects of formation anisotropy on resistivity-logging measurements,” Geophysics, Vol. 44, pp. 1266-1286.

[27] Patchett, J.G. and Herrick, D.C., 1982, “A Review of Saturation Models in Shaly Sand,” Soc. of Professional Well log Analysts, Reprint Vol., Houston, Texas, pp. III 1-III 7.

[28] Poupon, A., Loy, M.E. and Tixier, M.P., 1954, “A Contribution to Electrical Log Interpretation in Shaly Sands,” Transaction of AIME, Vol. 201, pp. 138-145.

[29] Poupon, A. and Leveaux, J., 1971, “Evaluation of Water Saturations in Shaly Formation,” The Log Analyst, July-August, pp. 3-8.

[30] Raiga-Clemenceau, J., Martin, J.P. and Nicoletis, S., 1988, “The concept of acoustic formation factor for more accurate porosity determination from sonic transit time data,” Log Analyst, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 54-60.

[31] Schlumberger, 1972, Log Interpretation, Volume 1– Principles: Schlumberger Ltd., New York, p. 113.

[32] Serra, O., 1984, “Fundamentals of well-log interpretation: The acquisition of logging data,” Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York.

[33] Simandoux, P., 1963, “Dielectric Measurements on Porous Media: Application to Measurement of Water Saturation: Study of the Behavior of Argillacious Formation,” SPWLA, Houston, pp. iv 97-124.

[34] Tabanou, J.R., Anderson, B., Bruce, S., Bornemann, T., Hodenfield, K. and Wu, P., 1999, “Which Resistivity should Be Used to Evaluate Thinly Bedded Reservoirs in High-Angle Wells?,” SPWLA 40^th Annual Logging Symposium, May 30-June 3 1999, paper E.

[35] Tabarovsky, L.A. and Epov, M.I., 1979, “Geometric and Frequency Focusing for Investigation of Anisotropic Layers in Electromagnetic Well Logging,” Nauka, Siberian Division, Academy of Science, USSR, Novosibirsk.

[36] Waxman, M.H. and Smits, L.J.M., 1968, “Electrical Conductivities in Oil Bearing Shaly Sands,” SPE Journal 8, pp. 107-122.

[37] Worthington, P.F., 1985, “The Evolution of shaly-sand concepts in reservoir evaluation,” LogAnalyst Jan-Feb, pp. 23-40.

[38] Winsauer, W.O., Shearin, H.M., Jr., Masson, P.H. and Williams, M., 1952, “Resistivity of brine-saturated sands in relation to pore geometry,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 253-277.

[39] Woodhouse, R., 1976, “Athabaska Tar Sand Reservoir Properties Derived from Cores and Logs,” Transaction SPWLA 17^th Annual Logging Symposium, pp. 1-13.

[40] Yin, Y. and Kurniawan, B., 2008, “Resistivity Anisotropy Models and Multi-Component Induction Measurements: Impact on Sw andUncertainty of PPV Estimation,” 2008 SPWLA Annual Symposium, Paper LLLL.

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