Freeze-thaw Weathering Characteristics of Rock Exposed to Simulated Polar Environment

doi:10.12972/ksmer.2013.50.2.227

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2013 Vol.50, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

Research Paper

Freeze-thaw Weathering Characteristics of Rock Exposed to Simulated Polar Environment 인공 극지환경에 노출된 암석의 동결-융해 풍화특성: 박지환 · 현창욱 · 박형동
Ji-Hwan Park, Chang-Uk Hyun and Hyeong-Dong Park

30 April 2013. pp. 227-240

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Abstract

Although the interest in polar environment has increased lately, the research in the change of physical properties of rock in these environment, which is essential for construction and maintenance of various building structures and for resource exploration, has been very limited. The artificial freeze-thaw tests in laboratory were performed using simulated geology and climate of the King Sejong Station, Antarctica. Similar rock types around the station, i.e., diorite, basalt, and lapilli tuff in Korea, were used as samples, and artificial freeze-thaw weathering performed from –20°C to +10°C. Using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray computed tomography, the change of microstructure was investigated: particle detachment, crack initiation and propagation. The changes of physical properties including linear decreases of P- and S-wave velocity and dry weight were also analyzed. The rock with high porosity, low tensile strength, and loose structure was susceptible to freeze-thaw weathering. The laboratory test methods and analysis techniques suggested in this research can be applied to further rock weathering assessment and the results are expected to be used to predict the behavior of rocks in cold regions.

Keywords

Freeze-thaw

Laboratory experiment

Polar environments

Artificial weathering

X-ray computed tomography

최근 들어 극지환경에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있지만 건축물 건설 및 유지보수, 자원탐사 등에 필수적인 극지환경에서의 암석의 물리적 변화에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 남극 세종과학기지의 지질 및 기후환경을 모사하여 실험실에서 인공 동결-융해 시험을 수행하였다. 기지 주변의 주요암종과 동일한 암종인 섬록암, 현무암, 응회암을 국내에서 채취하여, - 20°C 에서 동결시키고 + 10°C에서 융해시키는 인공풍화를 수행하였다. 시험 중 일정 주기마다 주사전자현미경과 X선 단층촬영 영상을 취득하여 미세구조의 변화를 관찰한 결과 모든 시료에서 입자탈락, 균열의 생성 및 확장이 관찰되었으며, 탄성파속도와 건조무게를 측정하여 물리적 특성의 변화를 관찰한 결과 탄성파속도와 건조무게가 선형적으로 감소하였다. 높은 공극률, 낮은 인장강도, 느슨한 구조를 가지는 암석일수록 동결-융해 풍화에 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 암석의 미세구조 및 물리적 특성에 대한 실내실험 기법을 제안함으로써 향후 암석의 풍화 분석에 이용될 수 있으며, 연구결과는 저온지역 암석의 거동 예측에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

키워드

동결-융해

실내실험

극지환경

인공풍화

X선 단층촬영

References

Bland, W. and Rolls, D., 1998, Weathering: An Introduction to the Scientific Principles, Arnold, London, UK, pp. 87-92.
Carlson, W.D., 2006. “Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 249, pp. 133-147.
Chen, T.C., Yeung, M.R. and Mori, N., 2004, “Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due to freeze-thaw action,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 38, pp. 127-136.
Cho, T.C., Lee, S.B., Hwang, T.J. and Won, K.S., 2009, “Variations of Mechanical Properties of Hallasan Trachyte with respect to the Degree of Weathering,” Tunnel and Underground Space, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 287-303.
Davis, N., 2001, Permafrost: A Guide to Frozen Ground in Transition, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, USA, p.351.
Davidson, G.P. and Nye, J.F., 1985. “A photoelastic study of ice pressure in rock cracks,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 141-153.
Dewanckele, J., Van Loo, D., Vlassenbroeck, J., Boone, M.N., Cnudde, V., Boone, M.A., De Kock, T., Van Hoorebeke, L. and Jacobs, P., 2010, “Contributions of X-ray CT to the characterization of natural building stones and their disintegration,” Proceeding of the international workshop on X-ray CT for geomaterials, GeoX 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, February 28-March 3, pp. 164-171.
Fujun, N., Guodong, C., Huimin, X. and Lifeng, M., 2006, “Field experiment study on effects of duct-ventilated railway embarkment on protecting the underlying permafrost,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 178-192.
Gautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R.R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.E., Valin, Z.C. and Wandrey, C.J., 2009. “Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic,” Science, Vol. 324, pp. 1175-1179.
Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P. and Harris, I., 2007, “Predicting long term freeze-thaw risks on Europe built heritage and archaeological sites in a changing climate,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 377, pp. 273-281.
Hall, K., 1999, “The role of thermal stress fatigue in the breakdown of rock in cold regions,” Geomorphology, Vol. 31, pp. 47-63.
Hall, K., Cullis, A. and Morewood, C., 1989, “Antarctic rock weathering simulations: simulator design, application and use,” Antarctic Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 45-50.
Irfan, T.Y., 1996, “Mineralogy, fabric properties and classification of weathered granites in Hong Kong,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Vol. 29, pp. 5-35.
Kim, H., Lee, J.I., Choe, M.Y., Cho, M., Zheng, X., Sang, H. and Qiu, J., 2000, “Geochronologic evidence for early cretaceous volcanic activity on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctic,” Polar Research, Vol. 19, pp. 251-260.
Kim, S.S. and Park, H.D., 1999, “A Study on the Change of Rock Properties using Artificial Weathering Test,” J. of The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 36, pp. 141-149.
KOPRI, 2007, Annual Weather Report: King Sejong, Korean Antarctic Station(2005-2006), KOPRI, Incheon, pp. 95-178.
KSRM, 2005, Standard Test Method of Rock, CIR, Seoul.
Marco Castaño, L.D., Martínez-Martínez, J., Benavente, D. and García-del-Cura, M.A., 2010, “Failures in the standard characterization of carbonate dimension stone durability during freeze-thaw testing,” Proceedings of Global Stone Congress 2010, Alicante, Spain, March 2-5, pp. 1-5.
Matsuoka, N., 1990, “Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: an experimental approach,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 17, pp. 253-270.
Nicholson, D.T. and Nicholson, F.H., 2000, “Physical deterioration of sedimentary rocks subjected to experimental freeze-thaw weathering,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 25, pp. 1295-1307.
Park, J.D. and Min, K.W., 2003, “Variation of Physical Properties of Rocks Subject to Artificial Weathering,” Resource Development Research, Vol. 17, pp. 51-60.
Park, J.H., Hyun, C.U. and Park, H.D., 2010, “Freeze-Thaw Cycle Test on Rocks for the Simulated Environment of the King Sejong Station, Antarctica,” J. of The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 731-742.
Park, Y.J., You, K.H., Yang, K.Y., Woo, I., Park, C. and Song, W.K., 2003, “Weathering Characteristics of Granite by Freeze-Thaw Cyclic Test,” Tunnel and Underground Space, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 215-224.
Potts, A.S., 1970, “Frost action in rocks: some experimental data,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 49, pp. 109-124.
Ruiz de Argandoña, V.G., Rodríguez Rey, A., Celorio, C., Suárez del Río, L.M., Calleja, L. and Llavona, J., 1999, “Characterization by computed X-ray tomography of the evolution of the pore structure of a dolomite rock during freeze-thaw cyclic tests,” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 633-637.
Simonsen, E. and Isacsson, U., 1999, “Thaw weakening of pavement structures in cold regions,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 29, pp. 135-151.
Tan, X., Chen, W., Yang, J. and Cao, J., 2011, “Laboratory investigations on the mechanical properties degradation of granite under freeze-thaw cycles,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 68, pp. 130-138.
Tsytovich, N.A., 1975, The Mechanics of Frozen Ground, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, p. 426.
Um, J.G., Woo, I. and Park, H.J., 2009, “Variation of Engineering Geological Characteristics of Jurassic Granite in Wonju Due to Freeze-Thaw Weathering,” Economic and Environmental Geology, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 261-272.
Walder, J.S. and Hallet, B., 1986. “The physical basis of frost weathering: toward a more fundamental and unified perspective,” Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 27-32.
Waltham, T., 2009, Foundations of Engineering Geology, 3th Ed., Tayler & Francis, Abingdon, UK, pp. 30-31.
Wright, J.S., 2000, “The spalling of overgrowths during experimental freeze-thaw of a quartz sandstone as a mechanism of quartz silt production,” Micron, Vol. 31, pp. 631-638.
Yavuz, H., 2010, “Effect of freeze-thaw and thermal shock weathering on the physical and mechanical properties of an andesite stone,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 187-192.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Journal Title(Ko) :한국자원공학회지
Volume : 50
No :2
Pages :227-240
DOI :https://doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2013.50.2.227

[1] Bland, W. and Rolls, D., 1998, Weathering: An Introduction to the Scientific Principles, Arnold, London, UK, pp. 87-92.

[2] Carlson, W.D., 2006. “Three-dimensional imaging of earth and planetary materials,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 249, pp. 133-147.

[3] Chen, T.C., Yeung, M.R. and Mori, N., 2004, “Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due to freeze-thaw action,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 38, pp. 127-136.

[4] Cho, T.C., Lee, S.B., Hwang, T.J. and Won, K.S., 2009, “Variations of Mechanical Properties of Hallasan Trachyte with respect to the Degree of Weathering,” Tunnel and Underground Space, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 287-303.

[5] Davis, N., 2001, Permafrost: A Guide to Frozen Ground in Transition, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, USA, p.351.

[6] Davidson, G.P. and Nye, J.F., 1985. “A photoelastic study of ice pressure in rock cracks,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 141-153.

[7] Dewanckele, J., Van Loo, D., Vlassenbroeck, J., Boone, M.N., Cnudde, V., Boone, M.A., De Kock, T., Van Hoorebeke, L. and Jacobs, P., 2010, “Contributions of X-ray CT to the characterization of natural building stones and their disintegration,” Proceeding of the international workshop on X-ray CT for geomaterials, GeoX 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, February 28-March 3, pp. 164-171.

[8] Fujun, N., Guodong, C., Huimin, X. and Lifeng, M., 2006, “Field experiment study on effects of duct-ventilated railway embarkment on protecting the underlying permafrost,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 178-192.

[9] Gautier, D.L., Bird, K.J., Charpentier, R.R., Grantz, A., Houseknecht, D.W., Klett, T.R., Moore, T.E., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Schuenemeyer, J.H., Sørensen, K., Tennyson, M.E., Valin, Z.C. and Wandrey, C.J., 2009. “Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic,” Science, Vol. 324, pp. 1175-1179.

[10] Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P. and Harris, I., 2007, “Predicting long term freeze-thaw risks on Europe built heritage and archaeological sites in a changing climate,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 377, pp. 273-281.

[11] Hall, K., 1999, “The role of thermal stress fatigue in the breakdown of rock in cold regions,” Geomorphology, Vol. 31, pp. 47-63.

[12] Hall, K., Cullis, A. and Morewood, C., 1989, “Antarctic rock weathering simulations: simulator design, application and use,” Antarctic Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 45-50.

[13] Irfan, T.Y., 1996, “Mineralogy, fabric properties and classification of weathered granites in Hong Kong,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Vol. 29, pp. 5-35.

[14] Kim, H., Lee, J.I., Choe, M.Y., Cho, M., Zheng, X., Sang, H. and Qiu, J., 2000, “Geochronologic evidence for early cretaceous volcanic activity on Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctic,” Polar Research, Vol. 19, pp. 251-260.

[15] Kim, S.S. and Park, H.D., 1999, “A Study on the Change of Rock Properties using Artificial Weathering Test,” J. of The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 36, pp. 141-149.

[16] KOPRI, 2007, Annual Weather Report: King Sejong, Korean Antarctic Station(2005-2006), KOPRI, Incheon, pp. 95-178.

[17] KSRM, 2005, Standard Test Method of Rock, CIR, Seoul.

[18] Marco Castaño, L.D., Martínez-Martínez, J., Benavente, D. and García-del-Cura, M.A., 2010, “Failures in the standard characterization of carbonate dimension stone durability during freeze-thaw testing,” Proceedings of Global Stone Congress 2010, Alicante, Spain, March 2-5, pp. 1-5.

[19] Matsuoka, N., 1990, “Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: an experimental approach,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 17, pp. 253-270.

[20] Nicholson, D.T. and Nicholson, F.H., 2000, “Physical deterioration of sedimentary rocks subjected to experimental freeze-thaw weathering,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 25, pp. 1295-1307.

[21] Park, J.D. and Min, K.W., 2003, “Variation of Physical Properties of Rocks Subject to Artificial Weathering,” Resource Development Research, Vol. 17, pp. 51-60.

[22] Park, J.H., Hyun, C.U. and Park, H.D., 2010, “Freeze-Thaw Cycle Test on Rocks for the Simulated Environment of the King Sejong Station, Antarctica,” J. of The Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 731-742.

[23] Park, Y.J., You, K.H., Yang, K.Y., Woo, I., Park, C. and Song, W.K., 2003, “Weathering Characteristics of Granite by Freeze-Thaw Cyclic Test,” Tunnel and Underground Space, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 215-224.

[24] Potts, A.S., 1970, “Frost action in rocks: some experimental data,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 49, pp. 109-124.

[25] Ruiz de Argandoña, V.G., Rodríguez Rey, A., Celorio, C., Suárez del Río, L.M., Calleja, L. and Llavona, J., 1999, “Characterization by computed X-ray tomography of the evolution of the pore structure of a dolomite rock during freeze-thaw cyclic tests,” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 633-637.

[26] Simonsen, E. and Isacsson, U., 1999, “Thaw weakening of pavement structures in cold regions,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 29, pp. 135-151.

[27] Tan, X., Chen, W., Yang, J. and Cao, J., 2011, “Laboratory investigations on the mechanical properties degradation of granite under freeze-thaw cycles,” Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 68, pp. 130-138.

[28] Tsytovich, N.A., 1975, The Mechanics of Frozen Ground, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, p. 426.

[29] Um, J.G., Woo, I. and Park, H.J., 2009, “Variation of Engineering Geological Characteristics of Jurassic Granite in Wonju Due to Freeze-Thaw Weathering,” Economic and Environmental Geology, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 261-272.

[30] Walder, J.S. and Hallet, B., 1986. “The physical basis of frost weathering: toward a more fundamental and unified perspective,” Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 27-32.

[31] Waltham, T., 2009, Foundations of Engineering Geology, 3th Ed., Tayler & Francis, Abingdon, UK, pp. 30-31.

[32] Wright, J.S., 2000, “The spalling of overgrowths during experimental freeze-thaw of a quartz sandstone as a mechanism of quartz silt production,” Micron, Vol. 31, pp. 631-638.

[33] Yavuz, H., 2010, “Effect of freeze-thaw and thermal shock weathering on the physical and mechanical properties of an andesite stone,” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 187-192.

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