Experimental Analyses of the Effect of Slug Sizes and WAG Ratios on Oil Recovery by CO2 Flooding

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2011 Vol.48, Issue 2 Preview Page Next Page

Experimental Analyses of the Effect of Slug Sizes and WAG Ratios on Oil Recovery by CO2 Flooding 슬러그 사이즈 및 WAG 비율이 CO2주입에 의한 오일 회수능력에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 고찰: 차지홍, 전보현
Jihong Cha and Bohyun Chon

30 April 2011. pp. 178-189

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Abstract

CO2 flooding has been the most widely used EOR (enhanced oil recovery) method in sandstone reservoir. The method has proven its excellent effectiveness through many laboratory and field projects. CO2 flooding is influenced by properties such as oil gravity, oil saturation, viscosity, reservoir heterogeneity, slug size, WAG ratio, etc. In this study, the effect of different CO2 slug sizes and WAG ratios on WAG performance in WAG (water alternating gas) were experimentally investigated. The experiments are subdivided into two major sections; MMP (minimum miscible pressure) determination and WAG flooding at different conditions. The MMP between CO2 and oil (n-decane) was determined by slim-tube method and empirical correlations. The core flooding experiments were conducted with berea sandstone cores, 3.8 cm in diameter and 29.5 cm in length. The experiments were performed using different CO2 slug sizes of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 PV (pore volume) and different WAG ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. The experiments were also performed to compare CGI (continuous gas injection) method with mixed method (CGI+WAG). Based on experimental observations according to the effect of different CO2 slug sizes and WAG ratios, RF (recovery factor) and TRF (tertiary recovery factor) were the highest when using 1:2 WAG ratio at 0.2 PV slug size.

Keywords

CO2 flooding

Water alternating gas

CO2 slug size

WAG ratio

Minimum miscible pressure

CO2 공법은 사암 저류층에서 가장 널리 사용되는 회수증진법(EOR)이다. 이 기법은 이미 수많은 실험과 현장 프로젝트를 통해 그 효과가 입증되었다. CO2 공법은 오일비중, 오일 포화도, 점성도, 저류층 불균질성, 슬러그 사이즈, WAG 비율 등의 특성에 영향을 많이 받는다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 CO2 슬러그 사이즈와 WAG 비율이 WAG 공법의 회수능력에 미치는 영향에 대해 실험을 통해 알아보았다. 실험은 MMP(최저혼화도압력) 측정과 서로 다른 조건에서 코어를 이용한 WAG 공법 적용의 두 부분으로 크게 나눠 실행하였다. CO2와 오일(데카인) 사이의 MMP는 슬림튜브 실험 및 상관관계 분석법을 이용해 구하였으며, 코어 실험은 직경 3.8 cm, 길이 29.5 cm의 베레아 사암(berea sandstone)을 이용해 실시되었다. 실험은 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 PV의 슬러그 사이즈와 1:1, 1:2, 2:1의 WAG 비율에서 수행되었다. 또한 연속주입공법(continuous gas injection, CGI)와 혼합공법(CGI+WAG)을 비교하기위한 실험도 실시하였다. CO2 슬러그의 크기와 WAG 비율에 의한 영향에 대하여 살펴본 결과, 회수율(RF) 및 3차회수인자(TRF)는 0.2 PV CO2 슬러그 사이즈에서 1:2 WAG 비율을 사용한 경우 최적임을 나타내었다.

키워드

CO2 공법

WAG 공법

CO2 슬러그 사이즈

WAG 비율

최저혼화도압력

References

권순일 등, 2007, “생산유전의 CO2 공법 적용성 평가를 위한 평가차트 개발 및 응용,” 한국화학공학회지, 제 45권, 6호, pp. 638-647.
이원석, 2009, “CO2 주입효율 예측을 위한 저류층 통합 분석 연구,” 제93회 추계학술발표회 논문집, 한국지구시스템공학회, 강원랜드, 9월 23일, p. 85.
이원석, 허대기, 성원모, 김현태, 1996, “비정상유동법에 의한 상대유체투과율 측정,” 한국자원공학회지, 제 33권, 6호, pp. 413-420.
Anderson, W.G., 1986, “Wettability Literature Survey-Part 1- Rock/Brine Interactions and the Effects of Core Handling on Wettability,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1125-1144.
Benmekki, E.H. and Mansoori, G.A., 1988, “Accurate Vaporizing Gas-Drive Minimum Miscibility Pressure Prediction,” SPE15677, presented at the 61st Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, New Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8, pp. 559-564.
Craig, F.F., 1971, The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding, SPE Monograph Series, Vol. 3, Richardson, Texas, pp. 12-44.
Elsharkawy, A.M., 1996, “Measuring CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures : Slim-Tube or Rising-Bubble Method?,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 443-449.
Gant, P.L. and Anderson W.G., 1988, “Core Cleaning for Restoration of Native Wettability,” SPE Formation Evaluation, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 131-138.
Ghedan, S., 2009, “Global Laboratory Experience of CO2- EOR Flooding,” SPE125581, presented at SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Oct. 19-21, pp. 1-15.
Holm, W.L., 1982, “CO2 Flooding - It’s Time has come,” SPE11592, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2339-2745.
Jackson, D.D., Andrews, G.L. and Claridge, E.L., 1985, “Optimum WAG Ratio vs Rock Wettability in CO2 Flooding,” SPE14303, presented at 60th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV, Sep. 22-26. pp. 1-12.
Kremesec, Jr. and Sebastian, H.M., 1988, “CO2 Displacement of Reservoir Oils From Long Berea Cores: Laboratory and Simulation Result,” SPE14306, SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 496.
Kulkarni, M.M. and Rao, D.N., 2005, “Experimental Investigation of Miscible and Immiscible Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Process Performance,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 1-2, pp. 1-20.
Nasir, F.M. and Chong, Y.Y., 2009, “The Effect of Different Carbon Dioxide Injection Modes on Oil Recovery,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 10. pp. 66-72.
Orr Jr. F.M. and Jensen, C.M., 1984, “Interpretation of Pressure-Composition Phase Diagrams for CO2/Crude-Oil System,” SPE11125, SPE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 485-497.
Parker, M.E., Meyer, J.P. and Meadows, S.R., 2009, “Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery Injection Operations Technologies (Poster Presentation),” Energy Procedia, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3141-3148.
Robert, M.E., 1998, A Literature Review of Attempts to Increase the Viscosity of Dense Carbon Dioxide, Technical Report on NETL Web, http://www.netl.doe.gov.Henderson Petrophysics, 2011.02.01, http://www.hendersonpetrophysics.com.
Shedid, S.A., Almehaideb, R.A. and Zekri, A.Y., 2005, “Microscopic Rock Characterization and Influence of Slug Size on Oil Recovery by CO2 Miscible Flooding in Carbonate Oil Reservoir,” SPE97635, presented at SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Dec. 5-6.
Sweatman, R.E., Parker, M.E. and Crookshank, S.L., 2009, “Industry Experience With CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology,” SPE126446, presented at 2009 SPE International Conference on CO2 Capture, Storage, and Utilization, San Diego, CA, USA, Nov. 2-4. pp. 1-15.
Taber, J.J., 1983, “Technical Screening Guides for the Enhanced Recovery of Oil,” SPE12069, presented at the 58th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 5-8. pp. 1-20.
Yelling, W.F. and Metcalfe, R.S., 1980, “Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 160-168.
Yuan, H., Johns, R.T., Egwuenu, A.M. and Dindoruk, B., 2004, “Improved MMP Correlations for CO2 Floods Using Analytical Gasflooding Theory,” SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 418-425.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 48
No :2
Pages :178-189

[1] 권순일 등, 2007, “생산유전의 CO2 공법 적용성 평가를 위한 평가차트 개발 및 응용,” 한국화학공학회지, 제 45권, 6호, pp. 638-647.

[2] 이원석, 2009, “CO2 주입효율 예측을 위한 저류층 통합 분석 연구,” 제93회 추계학술발표회 논문집, 한국지구시스템공학회, 강원랜드, 9월 23일, p. 85.

[3] 이원석, 허대기, 성원모, 김현태, 1996, “비정상유동법에 의한 상대유체투과율 측정,” 한국자원공학회지, 제 33권, 6호, pp. 413-420.

[4] Anderson, W.G., 1986, “Wettability Literature Survey-Part 1- Rock/Brine Interactions and the Effects of Core Handling on Wettability,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1125-1144.

[5] Benmekki, E.H. and Mansoori, G.A., 1988, “Accurate Vaporizing Gas-Drive Minimum Miscibility Pressure Prediction,” SPE15677, presented at the 61st Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, New Orleans, LA, Oct. 5-8, pp. 559-564.

[6] Craig, F.F., 1971, The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding, SPE Monograph Series, Vol. 3, Richardson, Texas, pp. 12-44.

[7] Elsharkawy, A.M., 1996, “Measuring CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures : Slim-Tube or Rising-Bubble Method?,” Energy & Fuels, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 443-449.

[8] Gant, P.L. and Anderson W.G., 1988, “Core Cleaning for Restoration of Native Wettability,” SPE Formation Evaluation, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 131-138.

[9] Ghedan, S., 2009, “Global Laboratory Experience of CO2- EOR Flooding,” SPE125581, presented at SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Oct. 19-21, pp. 1-15.

[10] Holm, W.L., 1982, “CO2 Flooding - It’s Time has come,” SPE11592, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 2339-2745.

[11] Jackson, D.D., Andrews, G.L. and Claridge, E.L., 1985, “Optimum WAG Ratio vs Rock Wettability in CO2 Flooding,” SPE14303, presented at 60th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV, Sep. 22-26. pp. 1-12.

[12] Kremesec, Jr. and Sebastian, H.M., 1988, “CO2 Displacement of Reservoir Oils From Long Berea Cores: Laboratory and Simulation Result,” SPE14306, SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 496.

[13] Kulkarni, M.M. and Rao, D.N., 2005, “Experimental Investigation of Miscible and Immiscible Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Process Performance,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 1-2, pp. 1-20.

[14] Nasir, F.M. and Chong, Y.Y., 2009, “The Effect of Different Carbon Dioxide Injection Modes on Oil Recovery,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 10. pp. 66-72.

[15] Orr Jr. F.M. and Jensen, C.M., 1984, “Interpretation of Pressure-Composition Phase Diagrams for CO2/Crude-Oil System,” SPE11125, SPE Journal, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 485-497.

[16] Parker, M.E., Meyer, J.P. and Meadows, S.R., 2009, “Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery Injection Operations Technologies (Poster Presentation),” Energy Procedia, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3141-3148.

[17] Robert, M.E., 1998, A Literature Review of Attempts to Increase the Viscosity of Dense Carbon Dioxide, Technical Report on NETL Web, http://www.netl.doe.gov.Henderson Petrophysics, 2011.02.01, http://www.hendersonpetrophysics.com.

[18] Shedid, S.A., Almehaideb, R.A. and Zekri, A.Y., 2005, “Microscopic Rock Characterization and Influence of Slug Size on Oil Recovery by CO2 Miscible Flooding in Carbonate Oil Reservoir,” SPE97635, presented at SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Dec. 5-6.

[19] Sweatman, R.E., Parker, M.E. and Crookshank, S.L., 2009, “Industry Experience With CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology,” SPE126446, presented at 2009 SPE International Conference on CO2 Capture, Storage, and Utilization, San Diego, CA, USA, Nov. 2-4. pp. 1-15.

[20] Taber, J.J., 1983, “Technical Screening Guides for the Enhanced Recovery of Oil,” SPE12069, presented at the 58th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 5-8. pp. 1-20.

[21] Yelling, W.F. and Metcalfe, R.S., 1980, “Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 160-168.

[22] Yuan, H., Johns, R.T., Egwuenu, A.M. and Dindoruk, B., 2004, “Improved MMP Correlations for CO2 Floods Using Analytical Gasflooding Theory,” SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 418-425.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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