An Investigation of Arsenic Stabilization in Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Abandoned Mine Using Various Soil Additives

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2010 Vol.47, Issue 6 Preview Page Next Page

An Investigation of Arsenic Stabilization in Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Abandoned Mine Using Various Soil Additives 비소로 오염된 폐광산 주변 토양에서 다양한 안정화제 사용에 따른 안정화 효율연구: 고명수, 김주용, 방선백, 이진수, 고주인, 김경웅
Myoung-Soo Ko, Ju-Yong Kim, Sun-Beak Bang, Jin-Soo Lee, Ju-In Ko and Kyoung-Woong Kim

31 December 2010. pp. 834-843

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Abstract

The stabilization efficiency for arsenic (As) in contaminated soil was evaluated by various soil additives such as lime stone, steel mill slag, PS Ball, apatite, GFO, AIH and iron-rich sludge collected from successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS). The soil samples were collected near Gubong mine which is abandoned Au-Ag mine area. Korean standard methods, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), aqua-regia digestion, cation exchange capacity (CEC), loss on ignition (LOI), and particle size distribution, sequential extraction were conducted for haracterizations of contaminated soil and As. Total concentrations of As by aqua regia were up to 145 mg/kg in Chungyang soil. This result is twice higher than revised action value (75 mg/kg) in Korean soil standard. Easily extractable concentration of As by 1 N HCl was 58.7 mg/kg. According to the XRD results additives were divided by three groups including Ca-Mg materials, phosphate materials and iron materials. Approximately, 80% of As (V) and 30% of As (III) were reduced when steel mill slag was used as additive. More than 99% of As was removed in solution by iron materials such as GFO, AIH and iron-rich sludge within 24 hours. These results suggested that iron materials were effective additive for As stabilization and reuse of sludge could be possibly used as additive for As stabilization. The results of As stabilization tests showed that only iron materials could reduce leaching of As from soil. Ca-Mg materials and phosphate materials had less effect on As immobilization due to increase of pH and competition with phosphorous, respectively. Selection of additives played on important role in reducing the mobility and toxicity of As in contaminated soil. These results showed that iron material could be applied as the most effective additive on As stabilization.

Keywords

Abandoned mine

Soil contamination

Arsenic

Stabilization

Iron materials

비소로 오염된 토양에 석회석, 제강슬래그, PS Ball, 인회석, GFO, AIH, 광산슬러지 등 다양한 안정화제 공급을 통한 비소 안정화 효율을 확인해 보았다. 토양은 과거 구봉광산인근의 논토양에서 채취하였고 토양오염 공정시험법, TCLP, SPLP, CEC, LOI, 입도분석, 연속추출을 통해 토양 및 토양 내 비소의 특성을 파악하였다. 왕수분해를 통한 토양 내 비소 전함량을 확인한 결과 145 mg/kg으로 개정된 토양오염공정시험법의 1지역 대책 기준인 75 mg/kg보다 약 2배 높은 값을 보였다. 또한 1 N HCl을 이용한 산가용성 함량에서도 58.7 mg/kg으로 높은 값을 보여 시급한 대책이 필요하다. XRD 분석을 통해 실험에 사용한 안정화제를 광물학적 특성별로 각각 Ca-Mg 화합물, 인산염화합물, 철화합물 세 분류로 나누고 이를 이용하여 용액 내 As(V) 및 As(III)의 제거 실험과 토양 내 비소 안정화 실험을 진행하였다. 용액 내 비소 제거 실험에서는 Ca-Mg 화합물 중 제강슬래그가 As(V) 및 As(III) 각각 최대 80%, 30%에 달하는 제거율을 보였다. GFO, AIH, 광산슬러지로 구분된 철화합물을 이용한 실험에서는 대부분의 비소가 제거되어 24시간이 경과하자 용액 내 As(V) 및 As(III)는 확인되지 않았다. 이는 비소와의 흡착/공침전 반응에 철화합물이 가장 효과적인 물질임을 나타내며 특히 AMD 정화시설에서 발생하는 광산슬러지를 비소 안정화제로의 재사용 가능성을 보여주는 결과이다. 비소로 오염된 토양에 각각의 안정화제를 넣고 진행한 토양 내 비소 안정화 실험에서는 철화합물을 사용한 경우에만 토양으로부터 용출되는 비소가 감소하였다. Ca-Mg화합물과 인산염화합물의 경우 반응액의 pH 증가 및 비소와 인(P)의 거동특성에 의해 토양으로부터 비소의 용출을 가속화하는 결과를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 볼 때 비소로 오염된 토양에서 비소의 이동성 및 독성 저감을 위해 안정화제의 선택이 매우 중요하며 철화합물이 가장 효과적인 안정화제인 것으로 확인되었다.

키워드

폐광산

토양오염

비소

안정화

철화합물

References

고명수, 박현성, 이종운, 2009, “황산화균 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans를 이용한 폐금은 광미에서의 중금속 용출,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제46권 2호, pp. 239-251.
안주성, 2000, 금은 광산활동에 의한 비소 및 중금속 환경오염과 광산폐기물 격리저장 처리기법, 박사학위논문, 서울대학교.
이민희, 이예선, 양민준, 김종성, 왕수균, 2008, “폐광산 주변 중금속 오염 농경지 토양 복원을 위한 석회(CaO)와 석회암(CaCO3)의 안정화 효율 규명,” 자원환경지질, 제41권 2호, pp. 201-210.
이상훈, 조정훈, 2009, “폐광산 주변 중금속 오염 농경지 토양복원을 위한 다양한 첨가제의 안정화 효율 비교:컬럼시험연구,” 한국지하수토양환경학회지, 제14권 4호, pp. 45-53.
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Alloway, B.J,. 1990, Heavy Metals in Soils, 2nd ED, Blackie and professional, UK, p. 368.
Bang, S.B., Korfiatis, G.P. and Meng, X., 2005, “Removal of arsenic from water by zero-valent iron,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 121, pp. 61-67.
Cao, X., Wahbi, A., Ma, L., Li, B., and Yang, Y., 2009, “Immobilization of Zn, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using phosphate rock and phosphoric acid,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 164, pp. 555-564.
Cotin, M., Mondini, C., Leia, L., and Nobili, M.D., 2007, “Enhanced soil toxic metal fixation in iron (hydr)oxides by redox cycles,” Geoderma, Vol. 140, pp. 164-175.
Darren, S., 2006, “Mobility of arsenic in saturated, laboratory test sediments under varying ph condition,” Engineering Geology, Vol. 85, pp. 158-164.
Hartley, W., Edwards, R. and Lepp, N.W., 2004, “Arsenic and heavy metal mobility in iron oxide-amended contaminated soils as evaluated by short- and long-term leaching tests,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 131, pp. 495-504.
Hettiarachchi, G.M., Pierzynski, G.M., and Ransom, M.D., 2001, “In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 30, pp. 1214-1221.
James, V., Bothe, Jr., Paul, W.B., 1999, “Arsenic immobilization by calcium arsenate formation,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 33, pp. 3806-3811.
Jung, M.C., 1995, Environmental Contamination of Heavy Metals in Soils, Plants, Waters and Sediments in the Vicinity of Metalliferous Mine in Korea, Ph.D. thesis, University of London.
Keon, N.E. Swartz, C.H. Brabander, D.J. Harvey, C., and Hemond, H.F., 2001, “Validation of an arsenic sequential extraction method for evaluation mobility in sediments,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 35, pp. 2778-2784.
Kim, J.Y., Davis, A.P., Kim, K.W., 2003, “Stabilization of available arsenic in highly contaminated mine tailings using iron,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 37, pp. 189-195.
Kloke, A., 1979, “Content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, lead, mercury, and nickel in plants grown on contaminated soil,” UN-ECE Symp., pp. 192-198.
Kumpience, J., Larerkvist, A. and Maurice, C., 2008, “Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using
amendments - a review,” Waste Management, Vol. 28, pp. 215-225.
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Moore, T.J., Rightmire, C.M., and Vempati, R.K., 2000, “Ferrous iron treatment of soils contaminated with
arsenic-containing wood-preserving solution,” Soil & Sediment Contamination, Vol. 9, pp. 375-405.
Porter, S.K., Scheckel, K.G., Impellitteri, C.A., Ryan, J.A., 2004, “Toxic metals in the environment: thermodynamic considerations for possible immobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 495-604.
Seaman, J.C., Hutchison, J.M., Jackson, B.P., Vulava, V.M., 2003, “In situ treatment of metals in contaminated soils with phytate,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 32, pp. 153-161.
Sherman, D.M., Randall, S.R., 2003, “Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides: structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, pp. 4223-4230.
Thornton, I., 1983, Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, London, p. 501.
Vithanage, M., Senevirathna, W., Chandrajith, R., and Weerasooriya, R., 2007, “Arsenic binding mechanisms onn natural red earth: a potential substrate for pollution control,” Science of the Total environment, Vol. 379, pp. 244-248.
Warren, G.P., Alloway, B.J., Lepp, N.W., Singh, B., Bochereau, F.J.M., Penny, C., 2003, “Field trials to assess the uptake of arsenic by vegetables from contaminated soils and soil remediation with iron oxides,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 311, pp. 19-33.
Wenzel, W. Kirchaumer, N. Prohaska, T. Stingeder, G. Lombi, E. and Adriano, D., 2001, “Arsenic fraction in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 436, pp. 309-323.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers
Publisher(Ko) :한국자원공학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Society for Geosystem Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지구시스템공학회지
Volume : 47
No :6
Pages :834-843

[1] 고명수, 박현성, 이종운, 2009, “황산화균 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans를 이용한 폐금은 광미에서의 중금속 용출,” 한국지구시스템공학회지, 제46권 2호, pp. 239-251.

[2] 안주성, 2000, 금은 광산활동에 의한 비소 및 중금속 환경오염과 광산폐기물 격리저장 처리기법, 박사학위논문, 서울대학교.

[3] 이민희, 이예선, 양민준, 김종성, 왕수균, 2008, “폐광산 주변 중금속 오염 농경지 토양 복원을 위한 석회(CaO)와 석회암(CaCO3)의 안정화 효율 규명,” 자원환경지질, 제41권 2호, pp. 201-210.

[4] 이상훈, 조정훈, 2009, “폐광산 주변 중금속 오염 농경지 토양복원을 위한 다양한 첨가제의 안정화 효율 비교:컬럼시험연구,” 한국지하수토양환경학회지, 제14권 4호, pp. 45-53.

[5] 최정찬, 2005, “인회석 및 생선벼를 이용한 일광광산 AMD 처리 현장실험,” 자원환경지질, 제38권 5호, pp. 563-570.

[6] Ahn, J.S., Park, Y.S., Kim, J.Y., and Kim, K.W., 2005, “Minealogical and geochemical characterization of arsenic in an abandoned mine tailings of korea,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 27, pp. 147-157.

[7] Alloway, B.J,. 1990, Heavy Metals in Soils, 2nd ED, Blackie and professional, UK, p. 368.

[8] Bang, S.B., Korfiatis, G.P. and Meng, X., 2005, “Removal of arsenic from water by zero-valent iron,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 121, pp. 61-67.

[9] Cao, X., Wahbi, A., Ma, L., Li, B., and Yang, Y., 2009, “Immobilization of Zn, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using phosphate rock and phosphoric acid,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 164, pp. 555-564.

[10] Cotin, M., Mondini, C., Leia, L., and Nobili, M.D., 2007, “Enhanced soil toxic metal fixation in iron (hydr)oxides by redox cycles,” Geoderma, Vol. 140, pp. 164-175.

[11] Darren, S., 2006, “Mobility of arsenic in saturated, laboratory test sediments under varying ph condition,” Engineering Geology, Vol. 85, pp. 158-164.

[12] Hartley, W., Edwards, R. and Lepp, N.W., 2004, “Arsenic and heavy metal mobility in iron oxide-amended contaminated soils as evaluated by short- and long-term leaching tests,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 131, pp. 495-504.

[13] Hettiarachchi, G.M., Pierzynski, G.M., and Ransom, M.D., 2001, “In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 30, pp. 1214-1221.

[14] James, V., Bothe, Jr., Paul, W.B., 1999, “Arsenic immobilization by calcium arsenate formation,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 33, pp. 3806-3811.

[15] Jung, M.C., 1995, Environmental Contamination of Heavy Metals in Soils, Plants, Waters and Sediments in the Vicinity of Metalliferous Mine in Korea, Ph.D. thesis, University of London.

[16] Keon, N.E. Swartz, C.H. Brabander, D.J. Harvey, C., and Hemond, H.F., 2001, “Validation of an arsenic sequential extraction method for evaluation mobility in sediments,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 35, pp. 2778-2784.

[17] Kim, J.Y., Davis, A.P., Kim, K.W., 2003, “Stabilization of available arsenic in highly contaminated mine tailings using iron,” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 37, pp. 189-195.

[18] Kloke, A., 1979, “Content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, lead, mercury, and nickel in plants grown on contaminated soil,” UN-ECE Symp., pp. 192-198.

[19] Kumpience, J., Larerkvist, A. and Maurice, C., 2008, “Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using

[20] amendments - a review,” Waste Management, Vol. 28, pp. 215-225.

[21] Mench, M., Bussiere, S., Boisson, J., Castaing, E., Vangronsveld, J., Ruttents, A., De Koe, T., Bleeker, P., Assuncao, A., Manceau, A., 2003, “Progress in remediation and revegetation of the barren Jales gold mine spoil after in situ treatment,” Plant and Soil, Vol. 249, pp. 187-202.

[22] Moore, T.J., Rightmire, C.M., and Vempati, R.K., 2000, “Ferrous iron treatment of soils contaminated with

[23] arsenic-containing wood-preserving solution,” Soil & Sediment Contamination, Vol. 9, pp. 375-405.

[24] Porter, S.K., Scheckel, K.G., Impellitteri, C.A., Ryan, J.A., 2004, “Toxic metals in the environment: thermodynamic considerations for possible immobilization strategies for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 495-604.

[25] Seaman, J.C., Hutchison, J.M., Jackson, B.P., Vulava, V.M., 2003, “In situ treatment of metals in contaminated soils with phytate,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 32, pp. 153-161.

[26] Sherman, D.M., Randall, S.R., 2003, “Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides: structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 67, pp. 4223-4230.

[27] Thornton, I., 1983, Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, London, p. 501.

[28] Vithanage, M., Senevirathna, W., Chandrajith, R., and Weerasooriya, R., 2007, “Arsenic binding mechanisms onn natural red earth: a potential substrate for pollution control,” Science of the Total environment, Vol. 379, pp. 244-248.

[29] Warren, G.P., Alloway, B.J., Lepp, N.W., Singh, B., Bochereau, F.J.M., Penny, C., 2003, “Field trials to assess the uptake of arsenic by vegetables from contaminated soils and soil remediation with iron oxides,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 311, pp. 19-33.

[30] Wenzel, W. Kirchaumer, N. Prohaska, T. Stingeder, G. Lombi, E. and Adriano, D., 2001, “Arsenic fraction in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 436, pp. 309-323.

Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers ISSN:2288-0291(Print) 2288-2790(Online) 한국자원공학회지

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